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individual protection equipment

Толкование Перевод

1 individual protection equipment

n (IPE)

MILIT chemical warfare equipo de protección individual m

English-Spanish technical dictionary > individual protection equipment
2 individual protection equipment

Военный термин: средства индивидуальной защиты

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > individual protection equipment
3 individual protection equipment

средства индивидуальной защиты

English-Russian military dictionary > individual protection equipment
4 individual

individual channel flow control
individual control
individual drive
individual dust removal apparatus
individual protection equipment
individual risk
individual section machine
individual store
individual tool range alarm bit
individual water supply

English-Spanish technical dictionary > individual
5 equipment

имущество; снаряжение; обмундирование; материальная часть; ( боевая) техника; аппаратура; технические средства; приборы; см. тж. set

782 equipment — усл. личное военное снаряжение (МП)

test, measurement and diagnostic equipment — комплекс испытательно-измерительной и диагностической аппаратуры

— acoustic equipment

— acoustic remote atmosphere probing equipment

— acoustic search equipment

— active IR equipment

— add-on equipment

— administrative support equipment

— aerial delivery equipment

— aerial photographic equipment

— aerospace ground equipment

— air delivery equipment

— air photograph in-flight transmission and interpretation equipment

— airborne equipment

— airborne interception equipment

— airborne laser systems countermeasures equipment

— aircrew survival and protective equipment

— airdrop equipment

— airmobile construction equipment

— airtransportable ground equipment

— ambush communications equipment

— ammunition equipment

— amphibious add-on equipment

— amphibious spanning equipment

— anticocktail equipment

— anticompromise emergency destruct equipment

— antigas equipment

— APC-towed mine laying equipment

— arming decision equipment

— artillery equipment

— assault bridging equipment

— assault equipment

— assault-crossing equipment

— authorized equipment

— automated cargo loading equipment

— automated electronic battlefield equipment

— automatic data processing equipment

— automatic ECM equipment

— automotive equipment

— barrier equipment

— battery terminal equipment

— battle order equipment

— bombing radar navigation equipment

— bridge erection equipment

— built-in test equipment

— camouflage equipment

— camp equipment

— cargo lifting and handling equipment

— carrier-borne equipment

— carrying equipment

— check-out and fault diagnosis equipment

— chemical defense equipment

— chemical equipment

— civil disturbance equipment

— coding communications equipment

— collateral equipment

— collective protection equipment

— combat equipment

— communications security equipment

— communications-electronic equipment

— construction equipment

— contactor-furnished equipment

— control equipment

— counterfire equipment

— countermine equipment

— countersurveillance equipment

— covert observation and photography equipment

— crossing and bridging equipment

— dark-duty equipment

— decontaminating equipment

— decontamination equipment

— decontamination monitoring equipment

— dedicated on-line crypto equipment

— deep water driving equipment

— deep water fording equipment

— defense equipment

— delivery equipment

— demolition equipment

— designated equipment

— detachable equipment

— detection and identification equipment

— diagnostic-fault detection equipment

— digital subscriber terminal equipment

— dim-light night vision equipment

— direction-finding equipment

— disabled equipment

— discarded equipment

— distance-measuring equipment

— ditching equipment

— documentation equipment

— double functional jamming equipment

— dummy equipment

— eating equipment

— ecclesiastical equipment

— electronic monitoring equipment

— electronic positioning equipment

— electronic surveillance equipment

— emplacement equipment

— engineering equipment

— erecting equipment

— FA computer equipment

— fallout prediction equipment

— fiber-optics observation equipment

— field equipment

— field support equipment

— fighting equipment

— filling equipment

— fine alignment equipment

— fire-control equipment

— fire-fighting equipment

— firing equipment

— floatation equipment

— floating assault bridge equipment

— fortification and obstacle construction equipment

— forward area refueling equipment

— forward-positioning equipment

— fuel dispensing equipment

— fuel filling equipment

— fuel servicing equipment

— gamma-roentgen spectrum missdistance indicator equipment

— gas defense equipment

— gas protective equipment

— gasoline dispensing equipment

— government-furnished equipment

— government-issue equipment

— ground operation equipment

— ground support equipment

— ground target surveillance equipment

— guidance equipment

— handling and support equipment

— heavy firepower equipment

— heavy lift equipment

— heavy lift ponton equipment

— heavy rigging and loading equipment

— high-altitude low opening equipment

— high-buoyancy synthetic materials floatation equipment

— high-speed document sorting and retrieval equipment

— hybrid collective protection equipment for combat vehicles

— individual CBR-protective equipment

— individual equipment

— individual protection equipment

— infantry equipment

— inflatable air bag floatation equipment

— information credibility and security augmentation equipment

— information credibility and security enhancement equipment

— intelligence-gathering equipment

— interface equipment

— interoperable equipment

— IR communications equipment

— IR countermeasures equipment

— IR range and detection equipment

— IR surveillance equipment

— jamming simulation equipment

— law enforcement equipment

— leaflet production field equipment

— line target training equipment

— listening equipment

— logistical over-the-shore equipment

— long-haul communications equipment

— low-visibility land navigation equipment

— major equipment

— material s-handling equipment

— materiel equipment

— mechanical handling equipment

— medical equipment

— message coding equipment

— metal road mat-laying equipment

— microwave communications equipment

— military equipment

— military radio equipment

— minefield equipment

— minefield marking equipment

— minimum essential equipment

— mirror reflector EO countermeasures equipment

— missile ground service equipment

— missile ground support equipment

— missile handling and support equipment

— missile targeting equipment

— mission-essential equipment

— mobile assault bridging equipment

— mobile subscriber equipment

— mobilization equipment

— modular equipment

— modular universal laser equipment

— monitoring equipment

— mountaineering equipment

— multichannel communications equipment

— multiple tracked equipment

— multiplex equipment

— night equipment

— night fighting equipment

— night optical equipment

— nondroppable equipment

— noninteroperable equipment

— nuclear employment equipment

— nuclear related equipment

— nuclear test equipment

— office equipment

— off-road equipment

— on-and-off load equipment

— on-board missile equipment

— on-line cryptographic equipment

— on-site equipment

— on-vehicle equipment

— operational support equipment

— organic equipment

— organizational antigas equipment

— organizational equipment

— organizational field equipment

— outsizal equipment

— oversnow equipment

— personal protective equipment

— photographic reconnaissance equipment

— photographic surveillance equipment

— pictorial equipment

— pioneer equipment

— ponton bridging equipment

— ponton floatation equipment

— prepositioned equipment configured to unit sets

— prepositioned war reserve equipment

— pre-stocked unit equipment

— propaganda address field equipment

— propellant loading system equipment

— radio-acoustic range finding equipment

— recycle equipment

— refueling equipment

— render the equipment unusable

— satellite communications ground equipment

— secure communications equipment

— secure voice equipment

— self-digging equipment

— self-extrication equipment

— semi-automatic test equipment

— sensing equipment

— signal equipment

— site preparation equipment

— skeleton equipment

— snorkel equipment

— special purpose equipment

— spread spectrum modulation equipment

— spread spectrum multiple access equipment

— standard crossing equipment

— stream crossing equipment

— superheavy drop equipment

— support equipment

— surveillance equipment

— tactical communications system equipment

— tactical equipment

— tactical field equipment

— tank-automotive equipment

— target IR illumination night vision equipment

— target IR illumination pulse rate night vision equipment

— target-acquisition equipment

— target-seeking equipment

— technical reconnaissance equipment

— telegraph automatic relay equipment

— telemetry equipment

— thermal imagery equipment

— threat reactive countermeasures equipment

— tracking equipment

— transportation-erection equipment

— unit equipment

— unit essential equipment

— unit mission equipment

— unitime signal division equipment

— update equipment

— war equipment

— water supply equipment

— water treatment equipment

— weapon direction equipment

— weapon-delivery equipment

— wide-angle aerial photographic equipment

— winter equipment

— wire tap equipment

— wire-laying and recovery equipment

English-Russian military dictionary > equipment
6 equipment

оборудование; снаряжение, оснащение; аппаратура; установка; материальная часть equipment accessory - вспомогательное оборудование equipment air-conditioning - оборудование для кондиционирования воздуха equipment automatic fire detection - оборудование (аппаратура) автоматической системы пожарной сигнализации equipment automatic fire extinguishing - автоматическое оборудование (аппаратура) пожаротушения equipment breathing - дыхательная аппаратура; аппаратура газодымозащитной службы equipment bulk handling - оборудование для погрузки, разгрузки и транспортировки навалчных грузов equipment communications - аппаратура связи equipment construction - строительное оборудование equipment crash - аварийно - спасательное оборудование equipment discharge - разгрузочное или сливное оборудование equipment dispensing - раздаточное оборудование; технические средства перекачки (горючего) equipment emergency - аварийное оборудование equipment emergency airdrome - аэродромное аварийно-спасательное оборудование equipment emergency and rescue - аварийно-спасательное оборудование equipment emergency throw-over - оборудование для переключения на аварийный источник питания equipment fire - пожарное оборудование (инвентарь) equipment fire-control - комплекс технических средств пожаротушения лесопожарной службы equipment fire detection - оборудование (аппаратура) системы пожарной сигнализации equipment fire-extinguishing (fire-fighting, fire-service) - пожарная техника; пожарное оборудование (инвентарь) equipment first-aid - пожарное оборудование первой помощи (пожарные рукава, ручные насосы, огнетушители и т. п.) equipment fixed - стационарное оборудование equipment fixed fire protection - стационарное пожарное оборудование equipment flameproof - огнезащитное оборудование equipment foam (fire-fighting) - оборудование пенного пожаротушения equipment foam-laying - оборудование для покрытия (взлетно-посадочной полосы) пеной equipment foam making - оборудование для получения пены equipment fuel(l)ing - топливозаправочное оборудование equipment fuel-measuring - топливоизме-рительная аппаратура equipment fuel-servicing - оборудование для снабжения горючим (топливом) equipment fuel-test - оборудование для испытания горючего equipment fuel-transfer - топливоперекачивающее оборудование equipment grounding - приспособления для заземления equipment ground support - наземное вспомогательное оборудование equipment handling - оборудование для погрузки, разгрузки и транспортировки equipment hardened - оборудование, защищенное от воздействия внешней среды equipment high-expansion foam making - оборудование для получения высокократной пены equipment individual - личное снаряжение equipment lighting - осветительное оборудование equipment life-saving - аварийно-спасательное оборудование equipment low-expansion foam making - оборудование для получения пены низкой кратности equipment low-pressure oxygen - кислородная аппаратура низкого давления equipment manual alarm - пожарная сигнализация с ручным управлением equipment medium expansion foam making - оборудование для получения пены средней кратности equipment operative - исправное имущество equipment oxygen-breathing - кислородно-дыхательная аппаратура equipment personal - личное снаряжение equipment portable fire control - переносное пожарное, оборудование equipment pressure-fuel(l)ing - оборудование для заправки топливом пол давлением equipment propellant-mixing - оборудование для смешивания компонентов ракетного топлива equipment protective breathing - защитно-дыхательная аппаратура equipment pumping - насосное оборудо-вание equipment rescue - спасательное оборудование equipment safety - безопасное оборудование; оборудование, обеспечивающее безопасность работ equipment saving - спасательное оборудование equipment signal(I)ing (signalization) - сигнальное оборудование; аппаратура тревожной сигнализации equipment spraying - распылитель test(ing) - испытательное оборудование или аппаратура equipment welding - сварочная аппаратура, оборудование для сварочных работ equipment wrecker - аварийно-ремонтное оборудование, оборудование для аварийно-спасательных работ

Англо-русский пожарно-технический словарь > equipment
7 IPE

abbr (individual protection equipment)

MILIT chemical warfare equipo de protección individual m

English-Spanish technical dictionary > IPE
8 индивидуальные средства защиты

1) General subject: personal protective equipment (Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes all types of equipment used to increase individual safety while performing potentially hazardous tasks. This may include safety glasses, hard h)

2) Military: individual means of protection, mission-oriented protective posture (в установленном положении)

3) Chemical weapons: individual protective equipment, individual protective gear, personal protective clothes, personal protective clothes (ИСЗ)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > индивидуальные средства защиты
9 средство индивидуальной защиты

1) Ecology: individual protective device

2) Labor protection: personal protective equipment

3) Chemical weapons: individual protective equipment( IPE) (СИЗ)

4) Security: personal protector

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > средство индивидуальной защиты
10 system

система; комплекс; средство; способ; метод; сеть (напр. дорог) ;

aiming-navigation system (analog, digital) — прицельно-навигационная система (аналоговая, цифровая)

air (nuclear) delivery system — авиационная система доставки (ядерного) боеприпаса (к цели)

air observation, acquisition and fire control system — (бортовая) система воздушной разведки, засечки целей и управления огнем

air support aircraft ECM (equipment) system — (бортовая) система РЭП для самолетов авиационной поддержки

airborne (ground) target acquisition and illumination laser system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и подсветки (наземных) целей

airborne (ground) targeting and laser designator system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и целеуказания (наземных целей)

airborne laser illumination, ranging and tracking system — ав. бортовая система лазерной подсветки, определения дальности и сопровождения цели

area defense missile system 3PK — для зональной ПВО

artillery (nuclear) delivery system — артиллерийская система доставки (ядерного) боеприпаса (к цели)

automatic (gun) laying system — автоматическая система наводки орудия

C2 system — система оперативного управления; система руководства и управления

C3 system — система руководства, управления и связи; система оперативного управления и связи

channel and message switching (automatic) communications system — АСС с коммутацией каналов и сообщений

combat service support (control) system — АСУ тыловым обеспечением (боевых действий) войск

country-fair type rotation system (of instruction) — метод одновременного обучения [опроса] нескольких учебных групп (переходящих от одного объекта изучения к другому)

dual-capable (conventional/nuclear) weapon delivery system — система доставки (обычного или ядерного) боеприпаса к цели

electromagnetic emitters identification, location and suppression system — система обнаружения, опознавания и подавления источников электромагнитных излучений [излучающих РЭС]

field antimissile (missile) system — полевой [войсковой] ПРК

fire-on-the-move (air defense) gun system — подвижный зенитный артиллерийский комплекс для стрельбы в движении [на ходу]

fluidic (missile) control system — ркт. гидравлическая [струйная] система управления полетом

forward (area) air defense system — система ПВО передового района; ЗРК для войсковой ПВО передового района

graduated (availability) operational readiness system — Бр. система поэтапной боевой готовности (частей и соединений)

high-resolution satellite IR detection, tracking and targeting system — спутниковая система с ИК аппаратурой высокой разрешающей способности для обнаружения, сопровождения целей и наведения средств поражения

ICBM (alarm and) early warning satellite system — спутниковая система обнаружения пусков МБР и раннего предупреждения (средств ПРО)

information storage, tracking and retrieval system — система накопления, хранения и поиска информации

instantaneous grenade launcher (armored vehicle) smoke system — гранатомет (БМ) для быстрой постановки дымовой завесы

large area (smoke) screening system — система постановки дымовых завес на большой площади

limited weather (capability) AA system — невсепогодный зенитный комплекс

NATO C2 Information system — АИС руководства и управления НАТО

Operational C2 Intelligence system — система оперативного руководства и управления разведкой (СВ)

plotted trajectory missile system 3PK — с наведением методом совмещения траекторий цели и ракеты

point (gas) alarm system — объектовая газосигнализаторная система

Precision Location [Locator] (and) Strike system — высокоточная система обеспечения обнаружения и поражения целей; высокоточный разведывательно-ударный комплекс

rapid deceleration (parachute) delivery system — парашютная система выброски грузов с быстрым торможением

real time, high-resolution reconnaissance satellite system — спутниковая разведывательная система с высокой разрешающей способностью аппаратуры и передачей информации в реальном масштабе времени

received signal-oriented (output) jamming signal power-adjusting ECM system — система РЭП с автоматическим регулированием уровня помех в зависимости от мощности принимаемого сигнала

sea-based nuclear (weapon) delivery system — система морского базирования доставки ядерного боеприпаса к цели

site defense (missile) system — ПРК для объектовой ПРО (для защиты ШПУ)

small surface-to-air ship self-defense (missile) system — ЗРК ближнего действия для самообороны корабля

Status Control, Alerting and Reporting system — система оповещения, контроля и уточнения состояния [боевой готовности] сил и средств

surface missile (weapon) system — наземный [корабельный] РК

target acquisition, rapid designation and precise aiming system — комплекс аппаратуры обнаружения цели, быстрого целеуказания и точного прицеливания

— AA cannon system

— AA defense system

— AA gun system

— AA missile launching warning system

— AA missile system

— AA system

— AA tank system

— AA/antimissile system

— ABM defense system

— ACE High Tropospheric Communications system

— acoustic locating system

— acquisition system

— active ECM system

— active hydroacoustic submarine surveillance system

— active illumination system

— active lighting system

— active long-range submarine detection stationary system

— adaptive control system

— adaptive moving target detection system

— adverse weather air delivery system

— aerial antiarmor system

— aerial AT weapon system

— aerial cargo delivery system

— aerial communications system

— aerial fire system

— aerial mine dispensing system

— aerial missile system

— aerial photoreconnaissance evaluation system

— aerial reconnaissance picture retrieval system

— aerial rocket system

— aerodynamic weapon system

— aeromedical system

— aerosol screening system

— aerospace system

— air bag shock absorber system

— air defense command information system

— air defense data processing and representation system

— air defense ground environment system

— air defense missile weapon system

— air defense missile/gun system

— air defense system in overwatch role

— air defense system

— air defense/AT system

— air navigation and bombing system

— air surveillance system

— air target laser tracking and ranging system

— air/ground hit recording system

— air-based antimissile system

— airborne battlefield mining system

— airborne EO target acquisition system

— airborne location and strike system

— airborne mining system

— airborne tactical data system

— airborne UV laser reconnaissance system

— airborne warning and control system

— airborne weapons system

— airborne/space-based laser space defense system

— air-breathing strategic attack system

— aircraft intercept missile system

— aircraft maintenance management information system

— aircraft mine delivery system

— aircraft vectoring system

— aircraft wake turbulence detection system

— aircraft-delivery system

— aircraft-submerged submarine laser communications system

— air-delivered scatterable minefield system

— air-deployment delivery system

— air-dropped mine splash points location radar system

— air-ground TV system

— air-launched ABM system

— airship-helicopter ultra-heavy lift system

— airspace control system

— airspace management system

— air-to-ground laser communications system

— air-to-ground pickup system

— air-to-ground weapon systems seismic scoring system

— alarm annunciation system

— alarm system

— alert notification system

— alerting telling system

— all altitude missile system

— all aspect passive IR homing guidance system

— all azimuth retaliatory system

— all weather system

— all-out war weapon system

— all-round traverse multiple rocket system

— all-source analysis system

— all-ways grenade initiating system

— alternate system

— alternative system

— ammunition feed system

— ammunition stowage and feed system

— ammunition system

— amphibious assault bulk fuel handling system

— amphibious bridging system

— analog data transmission system

— angle-measuring tank radio navigation system

— angular rate bombing system

— antiair and tactical missile system

— antiantisatellite system

— antiballistic helmet system

— anticompromise emergency destruction system

— anticountermine mobility equipment system

— antidecoy system

— antidisplacement system

— antihigh trajectory BM system

— antiinfiltration detection system

— antiintrusion detection system

— antilow trajectory BM system

— antimine container system

— antimine system

— antimissile gun system

— antimissile missile system

— antioscillation sighting system

— antipersonnel weapons system

— antiradiation homing head system

— antisatellite defense system

— antisatellite system

— antiship missile decoy system

— antiship missile defense system

— antisubmarine action data system

— antisubmarine mortar system

— antisubmarine weapon system

— antitactical BM system

— area denial weapon system

— armament system

— armed decoy penetration system

— arming system

— armor system

— armored ammunition delivery system

— armor-plating system

— arms system

— Army Authorization Documents system

— Army container-oriented distribution system

— army corps modular control system

— Army Personnel system

— Army Terrain Intelligence system

— Army Training Management system

— Army Wholesale Logistics system

— artificial intelligence system

— artillery and rocket delivered scatterable mine system

— artillery delivery area mining system

— artillery meteorological system

— artillery mining system

— artillery position detection IR-laser system

— artillery rocket system

— artillery saturation fire system

— artillery tube nuclear delivery system

— artillery type vehicle navigation system

— ASW shipborne missile system

— AT mine clearance system

— AT mine dispensing system

— AT mine-scattering system

— AT missile system

— atmosphere laser communications system

— attack sonar system

— audio and visual information electronic training system

— audio/video monitoring system

— authentication system

— automated air warfare system

— Automated Career Management system

— automated control system

— automated image data extraction system

— automated logistics data processing system

— Automated Military Justice Analysis and Management system

— automated minefield system

— automated scoring target system

— automated software system

— automated troop control system

— automated warehouse system

— automated weapon control system

— automated weapon delivery system

— automatic artillery fire control and liaison system

— automatic command system

— automatic control system

— automatic data handling system

— automatic data processing system

— Automatic Data system for the Army in the Field

— automatic elevation recovery system

— automatic fire detection and suppression system

— automatic laying angle correction system

— automatic linear positioning system

— automatic magazine handling and loading system

— automatic mine delivery system

— automatic mine scatter system

— automatic missile reload system

— automatic sound ranging system

— automatic strike recording system

— automatic survey and sighting system

— automatic time-phased downgrading and declassification system

— automatic TV tracking and AA weapon guidance system

— automatic video scoring system

— automatic weapon aiming correction system

— automotive test system

— autonomous all-weather air defense weapon system

— autonomous positioning system

— azimuth orientation system

— bacteriological attack detection system

— bacteriological weapon delivery system

— ballistic attack system

— balloon-haul ship-to-shore cargo transportation system

— ballute free-fall weapon retarding system

— bar-in-the-tube torsion suspension system

— barometric and radar altimeter readings comparison system

— barrier warfare system

— base and installation security system

— base-line system

— battery computer system

— battle dress clothing system

— battle management system

— battlefield air defense system

— battlefield computer graphics system

— battlefield data system

— battlefield illumination airborne system

— battlefield intruder alarm system

— battlefield mission management system

— battlefield nuclear support system

— battlefield support missile system

— battlefield surveillance automated ground sensor system

— beam director system

— bell-ringer communications system

— binary beam radio direction finding system

— binary lethal weapon system

— biological detection system

— black voice system

— blast-actuated nuclear detonation control system

— blowback automatic operation system

— blowback locked breech system

— blue-line reporting system

— BM rapid reload launching system

— BM submarines extremely low frequency communications system

— bomb director system

— bomb loading system

— bomb retarding system

— bomb trajectory correction system

— bombardment space weapon system

— bomb-carrier aircraft link guidance system

— bombing sighting system

— bomblet dispensing system

— boost-coast-boost system

— border observation system

— bound coordinate system

— branch quota system

— broad-band chaff decoy system

— buddy foxhole system

— buddy training system

— built-in test malfunction system

— buried and hardened cable communications system

— burst sensing fire control system

— burst-on-target training system

— candidate weapon system

— cannon artillery weapon system

— cannon remote mining system

— carbons secret writing system

— cargo extraction roller skid system

— cargo-ejection system

— cargo-extraction system

— CAS weapon system

— caseless ammunition firing system

— CBR agent/materiel detection and warning system

— central authorities system

— central tire inflation system

— central weapon system

— centralized promotion system

— chaff grenade launching system

— chaff/flare countermeasures system

— chaff/flare/expendable jammer system

— challenge and password number system

— checker board interlocking positions system

— chemical defense training system

— chemical detection system

— chemical gas analyzer mine detection system

— circuit identification system

— circuit switching system

— circular communications net system

— circular scan thermal imaging system

— civilian personnel information system

— clear-lane marking system

— close-combat antiarmor system

— closed circuit TV automatic tracking system

— closed loop support system

— closed-breech scavenger system

— close-in point defense antimissile system

— close-in self-defense tracking system

— close-in weapon system

— closely-spaced basing system

— cloud environment seeding system

— clutter environment target selection system

— clutter environment target discrimination system

— clutter false alarm control automated radar detection system

— code command system

— cold weather clothing system

— collected overpressure system

— collective NBC defense system

— color image intensification system for night vision

— combat arms regimental system

— combat direction system

— combat information and control system

— combat laser aiming system

— combat service support functional system

— combat system

— combat vehicle main armament system

— combat vehicle radio navigation system

— combat vehicle weapon system

— combined air defense weapons control system

— combined effects bomblet system

— command arming system

— command system

— communications intercept/recording system

— communications line terminal system

— communications material security control system

— communications monitoring and emitter location system

— communications plan automation system

— communications satellite system

— communications surveillance system

— communications switching system

— competitive promotion system

— complex weapon system

— computed air release point system

— computer assisted map maneuver system

— computer release weapon system

— computer-aided intelligence data retrieval system

— computerized exercise control system

— computerized fire control system

— computerized infantry battlefield training system

— computer-oriented landform classification system

— consolidated mess system

— container-ASW helicopter system

— containerized weapon control system

— container-offloading and transfer system

— continuous orbital guidance system

— continuous targeting system

— continuously set vector bombing sighting system

— contour flying system

— controllable reused manned weapon delivery system

— controlled delivery system

— controlled descent cargo drop system

— controlled dispersion multiple rocket system

— coorbital inspection system

— counter EO-threat smoke system

— counter IR spectrum devices smoke screen system

— counter system

— counterforce first strike system

— countermeasures detection and location system

— countermeasures dispenser system

— countermeasures dispensing system

— countermeasures guidance system

— countermeasures warning and control system

— counterpressure system

— countersurprise military system

— county regiment system

— credit supply system

— crew-compartment automatic fire suppression system

— crypto-secure system

— darkfire missile control system

— data multiplexing system

— data processing and presentation system

— data relay satellite system

— dead-reckoning system

— debugging system

— decoy rocket system

— dedicated intelligence link communications system

— deep interdiction system

— deep penetration weapon system

— defense effective system

— Defense Satellite Communications system

— defense suppression weapon system

— defense weapon system

— defensive nuclear weapons system

— deployment/employment mobilization status reporting system

— depth charge warhead antisubmarine rocket system

— destabilizing military system

— deterrent retaliatory system

— difference-distance measuring tank radio navigation system

— differential target-missile tracking system

— digital coherent moving target indication system

— digital data handling and distribution system

— digital data transmission system

— digital facsimile transmission system

— digital fire control system

— digital range tracking system

— digital weapon control system

— direct ascent antisatellite system

— direct ascent killer-satellite system

— direct fire antiarmor system

— direct gas operation weapon system

— directed energy beam ABM system

— directional gyrocompass tank navigation system

— disability evaluation system

— disablement feature system

— discrete detection casualty assessment system

— discrete information transmission system

— dismounted weapons system

— dispensing system

— disrupt command system

— distance-measuring tank radio navigation system

— distant mine and minefield detection system

— distributed explosives biological agent dispersal system

— disturbed line-of-sight system

— division air defense system

— division logistical system

— division maneuver system

— division supply system

— division support system

— document retrieval system

— Doppler-inertial guidance navigational and attack system

— double key system

— double-circuit radar fire control system

— double-differential steering system

— down-looking imaging IR sensing system

— drone delivery system

— drone-formation control system

— dry and wet bridging system

— dual fire control system

— dual radar system

— dual weapon system

— dual-capable artillery weapon system

— dual-capable SAM system

— dual-speciality officer personnel management system

— duel-type ABM defense system

— early biological attack identification system

— early-warning system

— Earth-based coordinate system

— Earth-centered inertial system

— ECM/ELINT system

— ECM-dispensing system

— efficiency reporting system

— electric power guided wave transmission field system

— electric power microwave ray transmission field system

— electromagnetic compatibility priority system

— electromagnetic subsurface profiling system

— electronic battlefield surveillance system

— electronic fence warning system

— electronic sentry system

— electronically keyed system

— elevation-angle track and surveillance system

— ELINT bulk gathering system

— emergency broadcast system

— emergency communications satellitelaunching rocket system

— emergency message automatic transmission system

— emerging logistics system

— emitter location and direction finding system

— emitter location system

— energy depot system

— engine winterization system

— enlisted evaluation system

— entry control system

— EO AA gunfire control system

— EO imaging system

— EO navigation bombing system

— European Exchange system

— Eurostrategic missile weapon system

— Eurostrategic system

— EW self-protection system

— excess systems

— exhaust IR suppression system

— expendables dispensing system

— expert system

— explosive safe and arming system

— explosive source parameters multisite estimation system

— FA Computer Equipment system

— face-piece-type collective protection system

— fail solution director-type fire control system

— fair-weather AT missile system

— fair-weather line-of-sight SAM system

— fast automatic shuttle transfer system

— fast reaction missile system PK

— fault-detection/location system

— fiber scope night vision system

— fiber-optics multiplexing system

— field ABM defense system

— field public address system

— field stock control system

— fighter aircraft system

— fighter direction laser system

— fighting compartment stabilization system

— fighting vehicle system

— fingerprint verification entry control system

— fire control radar system

— fire control sight system

— fire distribution and control system

— fire simulation system

— fire weapon system

— fire-explosion suppression fuel system

— fire-extinguisher system

— fire-marking system

— fixed ASW detection system

— fixed post system

— fixed-site strategic attack system

— flail mine clearance system

— Fleet operational telecommunications automated control system

— flight guidance system

— fluidic mortar repositioning system

— flying boom air refueling system

— flying weapon system

— follow-on weapon system

— foot mobile infantry AT system

— force field ABM defense system

— force status reporting system

— force supply tracking system

— forced entry deterrent system

— formal alert system

— fortification defense system

— fortified AT defense system

— fortified bunker system

— fortified defense system

— forward reconnaissance and target designation vehicle system

— forward terminal communications system

— forward-based aircraft system

— forward-based nuclear delivery system

— forward-based system

— free-ride delivery system

— front-line defense system

— fuel fire suppression system

— fuzing system

— garage system of ICBM deployment

— gas impingement system

— gas particles filter system

— generic EV/ system

— geocentric rectangular coordinate system

— geographic reference system

— glide-angle indication light system for night helicopter extracts

— global antisubmarine surveillance ocean bottom system

— global phase hyperbolic radio navigation system

— global range weapons delivery system

— global satellite warning system

— GM system

— go-no-go grading system

— grading system

— Green Arrow priority system

— grenade-launching smoke screen system

— grid coordinate system

— grid-square numbering system

— ground airborne radar picture interpretation correlation system

— ground arresting gear system

— ground EO deep space surveillance system

— ground nuclear delivery system

— ground order of battle system

— ground proximity cargo delivery system

— ground target tracking laser illumination system

— ground vehicle mine dispensing system

— ground-based antisatellite defense system

— ground-based defensive system

— ground-based ground-to-air ECM system

— ground-based ground-to-grcund ECM system

— ground-based gun aircraft unit barrage ABM defense system

— ground-based missile system

— ground-based mobile jamming system

— ground-based surveillance system

— ground-emplaced mine scattering system

— ground-emplaced sensor system

— ground-to-air engagement simulation system

— guidance reference system

— guidance system

— guided bombing system

— gun ammunition system

— gun and turret drive system

— gun sound ranging system

— gun/sight stabilization system

— gunfire locating system

— gun-rnissiie integrated weapon system

— gun-two net fire control system

— gyrocompass automatic navigation system

— hard-kill system

— hard-point defense system

— head-on and pursuit firing portable AA missile system

— heat source direction finding system

— heavy equipment transporter system

— height-of-burst sound ranging system

— helicopter air-to-air self-defense gun system

— helicopter area weapons system

— helicopter ECM system

— helicopter expedient refueling system

— helicopter mine delivery system

— helicopter moving ground target detection system

— helicopter point weapons system

— helicopter remote mining system

— helicopter terminal guidance system

— helicopter-balloon system

— helicopter-delivered mine system

— helicopter-standoff AT missile weapon system

— helmet compatible communications/aural protective system

— helmet-integrated sighting and control system

— hesitation blowback weapon system

— high clutter environment low-altitude air defense system

— high level container airdrop system

— high orbital bombardment system

— high-accuracy internal guidance stand-off system

— high-altitude relay system

— high-endoatmospheric defense system

— highly resistant to jamming system

— high-probability air defense system

— high-security data base management system

— high-speed digital information transmission system

— high-speed digital multiplexing system

— holographic surface mapping system

— holography air photography system

— homing-bomblet scattering cluster warhead projectile system

— horizontal radio altimeter control-vertical radar guidance system

— hot picture system

— hydroacoustic submarine surveillance system

— hydrographic survey and charting system

— hydrographic system

— hyperbolic radio navigational system

— hypersonic strategic defensive weapon system

— hypersonic strategic offensive weapon system

— ICBM basing system

— ICBM battle management system

— ICBM canister and shock isolation system

— ICBM continuous targeting system

— ICBM deployment system

— ICBM launcher rapid reload system

— illumination system

— imagery system

— impact initiation system

— independent recoil system

— independent vertical line-of-sight stabilization system

— independently targetable AT submissile warhead system

— indirect fire AT guided missile system

— indirect weapons locating system

— individual load-carrying system

— ineradicable features personnel characteristics verification system

— inertial control system

— inertial coordinate system

— inertial stabilization optical system

— inertial-with-terminal correction guidance and control system

— infantry direct fire simulator system

— infantry remoted target system

— in-flight data transmission system

— information accumulation storage and retrieval system

— information acquisition system

— information computation system

— information display system

— information dissemination system

— information distribution system

— information input packet switching system

— information processing system

— information retrieval system

— in-grade step system

— inspection and diagnostic system

— instantaneous remote ammunition selection system

— instinctive rifle bayonet fighting system

— integrated acoustic communications system

— integrated battle area surveillance system

— integrated communications system

— integrated defense system

— integrated fire and air support system

— integrated fire control system

— integrated information system

— Integrated Operational Nuclear Detection system

— integrated refractive effects prediction system

— integrated voice communications system

— integrated weapons control system

— integrity arming system

— intelligence community information system

— intelligence data handling system

— intelligence information retrieval system

— intercommunications system

— intermodal containerized system

— interoperable communications security system

— interphone system

— intrusion detection and identification system

— inventory control system

— IR decoy-target discrimination system

— IR decoy-target identification system

— IR gathering system

— IR intruder system

— IR intrusion system

— IR-line scanning reconnaissance system

— IR-sensors/radar air defense fire control system

— joint Air and Air Defense Control system

— joint air defense automatic control system

— joint airspace surveillance system

— Joint Army-Navy grid system

— joint in-flight data transmission system

— joint information search and retrieval system

— joint multichannel trunking and switching system

— Joint Strategic Planning system

— Joint Surveillance system

— Joint Tactical Information Distribution system

— joint tactical missile system

— killer-satellite system

— land combat support system

— land mine barrier system

— land navigation system

— land-based strike system

— land-water-air system

— laser aiming system

— laser air reconnaissance system

— laser bombing system

— laser communications satellite system

— laser engagement imitation system

— laser fire control system

— laser intrusion detection system

— laser navigation system

— laser photo reconnaissance system

— laser rangefinder-sight fire control system

— laser satellite communications system

— laser scanning reconnnaissance system

— laser security system

— laser surveying system

— laser target tracking illumination system

— laser tracking system

— laser weapon control system

— laser weapon delivery pod system

— laser weapon system

— laser-acquisition and tracking SAM system

— laser-beam guidance antimissile system

— laser-guided discrete correction AA projectile system

— laser-homing and warning system

— laser-submarine detection system

— last ditch ground-based ABM defense system

— launch-and-leave missile system

— light weight advanced night/day surveillance system

— linear linkless ammunition feed system

— linear scanning IR ground target acquisition system

— line-of-sight AT missile system

— line-of-sight microwave radio relay system

— linked ammunition feed system

— listening post/OP warning system

— lockless fire arm system

— Logistics Master Planning system

— longevity compensation system

— long-recoil system

— look-down /shoot-down system

— low-altitude navigation and targeting IR night system

— low-altitude parachute extraction system

— low-angle radar tracking system

— low-false alarm rate missile warning system

— low-level AA system

— low-level air defense system

— low-level image intensification navigation TV system

— low-level radar system

— low-level weapon delivery system

— low-light level image intensification system

— low-light level sight system

— management and control system

— military direct dial telephone system

— military system

— mobility system

— National Communications system

— National Military Command system

— officer evaluation reporting system

— offline cryptographic system

— off-road mobile ICBM system

— offset target indicator system

— on-board oxygen generation system

— on-carriage sighting system

— on-line security system

— on-off mount fire control system

— open-bay housing system

— operational automatic schedule information system

— operational command/operational control system

— operational readiness test system

— operational sensor system

— optical acquisition and tracking AA missile system

— optical fiber data transmission system

— optical track command system

— opto-electronic alpha-numeric display system

— optronic fire control system

— optronic target designation system

— orbital defense system

— orbital offensive system

— OTH backscatter radar warning system

— outdoor interphone system

— outside-the-vehicle shell case ejection system

— overhead cover support system

— overseas unit replacement system

— packet-switching communications system

— parachute retrograde air drop system

— parachute-jet landing system

— parawing precision aerial delivery system

— partially space-based ABM defense system

— passive ECM system

— passive hydroacoustic submarine surveillance system

— passive thermic image night-aiming system

— payload deployment system

— performance management system

— performance measurement system

— perimeter acquisition radar attack characterization system

— Periodic Armaments Planning system

— periscope TV camera system

— permissive action link system

— personnel classification system

— personnel environment support system

— personnel management accounting and reporting system

— phased-array radar fire control system

— photogrammetric target location system

— pilot system

— pilot-aircraft-media system

— planning army authorization document system

— pneumatic and inertia arming system

— pneumatic fuel transport system

— point deployment system

— point target BM laser homing system

— portable airfield system

— portable decoy launcher system

— position location and reporting system

— post-boost control system

— press-to-talk system

— primary alerting system

— primary direct fire control system

— priority system for mission requests for tactical reconnaissance

— priority system

— privacy communications system

— program change control system

— projectile location system

— pulse energy detonation system

— PW Information system

— pyramidal structure hierarchic automated control system

— radar bombing system

— radar early warning and control system

— radar homing and warning system

— radar information transmission system

— radar scattering screening system

— radar system

— radar track command system

— radar warning receiver/processor system

— radar-controlled breeched AA weapon system

— radar-version microwave mine detection system

— radio frequency surveillance/ECM system

— radio/radar tracking and guidance system

— radiological defense support system

— radiological defense warning system

— radiotelephone and telephone authentication system

— random access personnel information system

— random-orbiting counter satellite barrage system

— range correction system

— range finding system

— rapid smoke screen system

— rapid sweep vehicular AT mine detection system

— rapid-fire artillery system

— real time intelligence data processing system

— rearm system

— receiver-responder/inertial guidance integrated system

— recognized air picture system

— recoilless-tube weapon system

— reconnaissance/strike system

— record keeping system

— recruit quota system

— Red/Black voice switching system

— redundant communications system

— regional airspace control system

— relative tank-target motion correction armament stabilization system

— remote antiarmor mine system

— remote artillery antiarmor mining system

— remote control explosive ordnance reconnaissance and disposal system

— remote ICBM retargeting system

— remote mine delivery system

— remote mining system

— remote pop-up target system

— remotely monitored battlefield sensor system

— remotely piloted observation/designation system

— remotely-controlled explosive boat system

— reporting system

— reports control system

— resource capability assessment system

— resource management system

— Retain system

— retarded flare system

— retractable missile launching system

— rifle-light MG system

— rifleman's assault system

— rocket command system

— rocket system

— rocket-assisted mine-clearing system

— rocket-assisted parachute system

— roller mine clearance system

— roller-locked bolt system

— rotor-mast-mounted target acquisition system

— RPV and ground station-based multichannel information transmission system

— running key system

— SAC operational planning system

— SAC operations planning system

— safeguards system

— safety and arming system

— satellite attack warning system

— satellite communications system

— satellite data relay system

— satellite destruction system

— satellite detection radar system

— satellite ground terminal system

— satellite identification system

— satellite inspection system

— satellite intercept and destruction system

— satellite radio navigation system

— satellite returning fire system

— satellite surveillance system

— satellite verification system

— satellite warning system

— satellite/aircraft ocean surveillance system

— satellite-based defense system

— satellite-borne surveillance system

— saturation firing weapon system

— scaled-range target system

— scatterable mine system

— scenario-oriented recurring evaluation system

— schedule control assault system

— scrambled speech communications system

— scrambling communications system

— screening ABM defense system

— sea surveillance satellite system

— sea-based strategic nuclear deterrent system

— sea-denial system

— sea-launched BM warning and display system

— sealed authentication system

— search and rescue satellite system

— see-and-shoot firing system

— selected calling system

— selective routing system

— selective service system

— self-contained system

— self-defense air defense system

— self-defense EW system

— self-defense jamming system

— self-defense system

— self-deployable weapon system

— semiactive low-rate sampled data system

— semicentralized promotion system

— semifixed SAM system

— semistationary ground missile system

— semistationary SAM system

— seniority cadetship system

— serial fire rifle system

— ship air defense system

— shipborne air defense missile system

— shipborne missile system

— shipping ASW/air defense container system

— ship-to-air missile system

— ship-to-submarine underwater telephone system

— short-pulse mode radar mine detection system

— short-range SAM system

— shuttle spacecraft system

— signal collecting system

— single channel ground and airborne radio system

— single missile channel SAM system

— single target channel SAM system

— single tube missile system PK

— single-component officer system

— single-mission weapon system

— site protection system

— Small Elevation Angle Track and Surveillance system

— small SAM system

— smoke discharger system

— snap and go guidance system

— sniper rifle system

— soft landing rocket system

— software driven system

— sonobuoy reference system

— sound ranging system

— sound surveillance system

— SP AA gun system

— Space Detection and Tracking system

— space surveillance intelligence system

— space transportation system

— space warning system

— space weapon system

— space-based attack alarm system

— space-based counterspace and Earth target combat system

— space-based laser ABM system

— space-borne ABM system

— space-borne bomber IR detection and tracking system

— space-borne early warning system

— space-borne ICBM interception system

— space-borne ICBM launch system

— space-borne laser transmission system

— space-borne weapon system

— speech security system

— spent-case ejection system

— spherical coordinate system

— spinning and stabilization system

— spot report receiver system

— spread-spectrum communications system

— spurious emission detection system

— Squad Combat Optical Evaluation system

— stabilized line-of-sight sighting system

— stabilized sight fire control system

— Standard Civilian Personnel Management Information system

— Standard Installation/Division Personnel system

— standby selective service system

— standoff ECM system

— star aiming system

— star war weapon system

— state-of-the-art system

— stationary ground missile system

— Stealth-like ECM system

— stellar correction system

— stellar navigation system

— stores management system

— Strategic Army Communications system

— strategic communications satellite system

— strategic communications system

— strategic defensive weapon system

— strategic delivery system

— strategic interplanetary system

— strategic missile system

— strategic nuclear delivery system

— strategic nuclear weapon system

— strategic offensive weapon system

— strategic retaliatory system

— strategic satellite system

— strategic shipborne missile system

— strategic war reconnaissance system

— strategic warning system

— strategic weapon system

— strike system

— Submarine Integrated Battle and Data system

— submissile dispensing system

— submunitions delivery system

— superminiature laser communications system

— super-precision laser guidance system

— support system

— surface effects system

— surface rectangular coordinate system

— surface towed array surveillance system

— surface-to-air missile system

— surface-to-air self-defense missile system

— surveillance and detection system

— surveillance and target attack radar system

— surveillance satellite system

— surveying system

— survivable system

— suspense system

— switchless telephone system

— synchronous bombing sighting system

— synchronous satellite communications system

— synthetic flight training system

— system BM airborne launch control system

— tactical air control system

— tactical air crew training system

— tactical air defense automatic control system

— Tactical Air Force Intelligence Exploitation system

— tactical air reconnaissance pod system

— tactical air reconnaissance results reporting system

— tactical air support control system

— tactical airborne signal exploitation system

— tactical area communications system

— tactical automatic routing exchange system

— tactical automatic switching system

— tactical bridge access system

— tactical bridge egress system

— tactical communications system

— tactical computer system

— tactical computer-based message switching system

— tactical control system

— tactical electronic locating and targeting system

— tactical emitter location and identification system

— Tactical Emitter Operational Support system

— tactical EW deception system

— tactical expendable drone system

— tactical information organization system

— tactical information processing and interpretation system

— tactical jamming system

— tactical landing system

— tactical missile navigation system

— tactical nuclear delivery system

— tactical operations interactive simulation system

— tactical operations system

— tactical surface-to-surface weapon system

— tactical trunk communications system

— tail warning system

— tail-chase portable air defense missile system

— tank emergency fuel evacuation system

— tank engine exhaust smoke system

— tank fire control IR system

— tank fire control laser system

— tank gun line-of-sight reference stabilization system

— tank IFF system

— tank passive pitch and roll damping system

— tank self-protective smoke system

— tank self-screening smoke system

— tank target video tracking system

— tank weapon system

— tape-controlled automatic test and checkout system

— target illumination system

— target physical vulnerability analysis system

— target range system

— target recognition and attack multisensor system

— target search and track system

— target search IR system

— target system

— target trajectory registration system

— target-missile optical tracking AT guided missile system

— telegraph automatic relay system

— telemetry automated processing system

— telephone analyzing antibugging system

— teletype broadcast system

— terminal operations and movements management system

— terrain contour mapping aircraft positioning system

— terrain independent system

— terrain matching radio navigation system

— terrain navigation system

— terrain reconnaissance IR scanning system

— torpedo warhead antisubmarine rocket system

— torsion bars-in-torsion tubes suspension system

— total hospitalization system

— towed hydroacoustic submarine surveillance system

— towed low-level air defense system

— toxic alarm system

— tracked ammunition delivery system

— tracked vehicle-based missile system

— trailer relay system

— turnkey system

— two-tier information system

— vehicle gas overpressure system

— vehicle navigation system

— vehicle rapid fire weapon system

— vehicle smoke grenade system

— vehicular minefield bridging system

— velocity coordinate system

— verification system

— vertical delivery ship underway replenishment system

— vertical launching system

— vertical stowage system

— very intelligent surveillance and target acquisition system

— vibrational sensor guard alarm system

— visual warning system

— voice warning system

— voice-ciphering system

— voluntary recruitment system

— war weapon system

— warehoused system

— warfare system

— warhead pitch and yaw control nozzle system

— warning system

— wartime supply system

— waterborne vehicle trainer system

— weapons control system

— weapons delivery system

— weapons effects display system

— weapons locating system

— weapons support system

— weapons system

— wet secret writing system

— wheeled vehicle-based missile system

— wideband communications system

— wire system

— world geographic reference system

— worldwide ammunition reporting system

— worldwide navigation and position location system

— worldwide standard data management system

— X-ray ABM system

— X-Y system

English-Russian military dictionary > system
11 система

система сущ
system
аварийная гидравлическая система
emergency hydraulic system
аварийная система
emergency system
(для применения в случае отказа основной) аварийный клапан сброса давления в системе кондиционирования
conditioned air emergency valve
автоматизированная навигационная система
automated navigation system
автоматизированная система выдачи багажа
mechanized baggage dispensing system
автоматическая аэродромная радиолокационная система
automated radar terminal system
автоматическая бортовая система управления
automatic flight control system
автоматическая система объявления тревоги
autoalarm system
автомат тяги в системе автопилота
autopilot auto throttle
автономная навигационная система
self-contained navigation system
автономная система запуска
self-contained starting system
акустическая измерительная система
acoustical measurement system
астронавигационная система
astronavigation system
аудиовизуальная система имитации воздушного движения
air traffic audio simulation system
(для тренажеров) аэродинамическая система управления креном
aerodynamic roll system
безбустерная система управления
unassisted control system
бленкер отказа глиссадной системы
glide slope flag
бленкер отказа курсовой системы
heading warning flag
блок связи с курсовой системой
compass system coupling unit
бортовая комплексная система регистрации данных
aircraft integrated data system
бортовая метеорологическая радиолокационная система
radar airborne weather system
бортовая система
1. aircraft system
2. air borne system бортовая система обработки данных
air-interpreted system
бортовая система определения массы и центровки
onboard weight and balance system
бустерная обратимая система управления
power-boost control system
бустерная система управления полетом
flight control boost system
вентилятор системы охлаждения
cooling fan
включать систему
turn on the system
воздушная система запуска двигателей
air starting system
воспроизводящая система
reproducing system
восстанавливать работу системы
restore the system
всемирная комплексная система
integrated world-wide system
(управления полетами) Всемирная система географических координат
World Geographic Reference system
Всемирная система метеонаблюдений
Global Observing system
вспомогательная бортовая система воздушного судна
associated aircraft system
встроенная система контроля
integrated control system
выдерживание курса полета с помощью инерциальной системы
inertial tracking
выключать систему
turn off the system
выхлопная система
exhaust system
(двигателя) гидравлическая бустерная система управления
hydraulic control boost system
гидравлическая пусковая система
hydraulic starting system
(двигателя) гиромагнитная курсовая система
gyro-magnetic compass system
гироскопическая система
gyro system
глиссадная система посадки
glide-path landing system
глушитель выхлопной системы
exhaust system muffler
государственная система организации воздушного пространства
national airspace system
гравитационная система смазки
gravity lubricating system
(двигателя) давление в системе подачи топлива
fuel supply pressure
давление в системе стояночного тормоза
perking pressure
давление в тормозной системе
brake pressure
дальномерная система
distance measuring system
датчик системы сближения
rendesvous sensor
(воздушных судов) двухпоточная система
dual-channel system
(оформления пассажиров) двухчастотная глиссадная система
two-frequency glide path system
двухчастотная система курсового маяка
two-frequency localizer system
дискретная система связи
discrete communication system
дренажная система
1. vent system
2. drainage system 3. drain system дренажная система аэродрома
aerodrome drainage system
дренажная система двигателей
engine vent system
дублированная система
fail-operative system
(сохраняющая работоспособность при единичном отказе) дублированная система автоматического управления посадкой
dual autoland system
жалюзи системы охлаждения
cooling gill
жесткая система управления
push-pull control system
(при помощи тяг) жесткость системы управления
control-system stiffness
задатчик навигационной системы
navigation system selector
замкнутая система охлаждения
closed cooling system
запаздывание системы наведения
guidance lag
запаздывание системы управления
control lag
заслонка противообледенительной системы
anti-icing shutoff valve
инерциальная навигационная система
inertial navigation system
инерциальная сенсорная система
inertial sensor system
инерциальная система управления
1. inertia guidance
2. all-inertial guidance 3. inertial control system информационная система
data system
исполнительная система
actuating system
(механическая) испытывать систему
1. prove the system
2. test the system качалка системы управления
engine bellcrank
кислородная система кабины экипажа
1. flight crew oxygen system
2. crew oxygen system коллектор выхлопной системы
exhaust system manifold
коллектор системы заправки топливом под давлением
pressure fueling manifold
кольцевая электрическая система
loop circuit system
Комиссия по основным системам
Commission for basic Systems
коммутационная система передачи данных
data switching system
комплексная автоматическая система
integrated automatic system
комплексная система контроля воздушного пространства
integrated system of airspace control
концевой выключатель в системе воздушного судна
aircraft limit switch
кривая в полярной системе координат
polar curve
курсовая система
compass system
лампа готовности системы флюгирования
feathering arming light
международная метеорологическая система
international meteorological system
механическая система охлаждения
mechanical cooling system
мильная система
mileage system
(построения тарифов) многоканальная электрическая система
multichannel circuit system
навигационная система
navigation system
навигационная система с графическим отображением
pictorial navigation system
(информации) навигационная система со считыванием показаний пилотом
pilot-interpreted navigation system
наземная система наведения
ground guidance system
наземная система управления
ground control system
(полетом) незамкнутая система охлаждения
open cooling system
необратимая система управления
power-operated control system
несущая система вертолета
rotorcraft flight structure
оборудование глиссадной системы
glide-path equipment
оборудование системы кондиционирования
air-conditioning equipment
оборудование системы контроля окружающей среды
environmental control system equipment
обратимая система управления
reversible control system
обратный клапан дренажной системы
vent check valve
опробование систем управления в кабине экипажа
cockpit drill
ответчик системы УВД
air traffic control
отключать состояние готовности системы
unarm the system
отсек размещения систем
systems compartment
передаточное число системы управления рулем
control-to-surface gear ratio
пневматическая система воздушного судна
aircraft pneumatic system
подача топлива в систему воздушного судна
aircraft fuel supply
подвесная система парашюта
parachute harness
помехи от системы зажигания
ignition noise
прибор для проверки систем на герметичность
system leakage device
приводная радиолокационная система
radar homing system
приемник системы наведения
homing receiver
проводка системы управления
control linkage
прогонять систему
run fluid through the system
прокладка в системе двигателя
engine gasket
противообледенительная система
1. windshield anti-icing system
2. deicing system (переменного действия) 3. anti-icing system (постоянного действия) 4. ice protection system противообледенительная система двигателей
1. engine anti-icing system
(постоянного действия) 2. engine deicing system (переменного действия) противообледенительная система крыла
wing anti-icing system
противообледенительная система хвостового оперения
empennage anti-icing system
(постоянного действия) противопожарная система
fire-protection system
противопомпажная система
antisurge system
(двигателя) пульт управления системой директорного управления
flight director system control panel
радиолокационная система
radar system
радиолокационная система бокового обзора
radar side looking system
радиолокационная система захода на посадку
approach radar system
радиолокационная система наведения
radar guidance system
радиолокационная система навигации
radar navigation system
радиолокационная система со сканирующим лучом
radar scanning beam system
радиолокационная система точного захода на посадку
precision approach radar system
радиомаячная система посадки
radio-beacon landing system
радионавигационная система
radio navigation system
радиоответчик системы опознавания
identification transponder
радиоэлектронная система
avionic system
радиоэлектронная система посадочных средств
electronic landing aids system
радиус действия системы наведения
guidance range
радиус действия системы самонаведения
homing range
распределение подачи при помощи системы трубопроводов
manifolding
резервная радиолокационная система
radar backup system
резервная система
standby system
решетка системы сигнализации
pressure pads
светосигнальная система ВПП
runway lighting system
Секция изучения авиационных систем
Systems Study section
(ИКАО) сигнал исправности системы
OK signal
система аварийного оповещения
alerting system
система аварийного освещения
emergency lighting system
система аварийного останова
emergency shutdown system
(двигателя) система аварийного открытия замков убранного положения
emergency uplock release system
(шасси) система аварийного слива топлива
1. fuel jettisoning system, fuel jettisonning system
2. fuel dump system система аварийного торможения
emergency brake system
система аварийного энергопитания
emergency power system
система аварийной сигнализации
emergency warning system
система автомата тряски штурвала
stick shaker system
(при достижении критического угла атаки) система автомата усилий
feel system
система автоматизированного обмена данными
automated data interchange system
система автоматического захода на посадку
automatic approach system
система автоматического контроля
1. automatic monitor system
2. automatic test system система автоматического парирования крена
bank counteract system
(при отказе одного из двигателей) система автоматического управления
robot-control system
(полетом) система автоматического управления параллельной работой генераторов
generator autoparalleling system
система автоматической посадки
1. autoland system
2. automatic landing system система автоматической сигнализации углов атаки, скольжения и перегрузок
angle-of-attack, slip and acceleration warning system
система автоматической стабилизации
automatic stabilization system
(воздушного судна) система автономного запуска
independent starting system
(двигателя) система автостабилизации относительно трех осей
three-axis autostabilization system
система автофлюгера
automatic feathering system
система амортизации
shock absorption system
система антенны курсового посадочного радиомаяка
localizer antenna system
система аэродинамических тормозов
speed brake system
система аэродромного электропитания
external electrical power system
система балансировки
trim system
(воздушного судна) система балансировки по числу М
Mach trim system
система балансировки элеронов
aileron trim system
система ближней аэронавигации
tactical air navigation system
система блокировки
1. interlocking system
2. interlock system система блокировки при обжатии опор шасси
ground shift system
система блокировки управления двигателем
engine throttle interlock system
система блокировки управления по положению реверса
thrust reverser interlock system
система бортовых огней для предупреждения столкновения
anticollision lights system
система бортовых регистраторов
flight recorder system
система бронирования
reservations system
(мест) система буквенного кодирования
code letter system
система ведущих огней
lead-in lighting system
(при заруливании на стоянку) система вентиляции
ventilation system
(кабины) система вентиляции подкапотного пространства
nacelle cooling system
(двигателя) система визуального управления стыковкой с телескопическим трапом
visual docking guidance system
система визуальной индикации глиссады
visual approach slope indicator system
система внутреннего охлаждения
intercooler system
система внутренней связи
interphone system
система водоснабжения
water supply system
система воздушного наблюдения
air surveillance system
система воздушного охлаждения
air cooling system
система воздушных тормозов
air brake system
система впрыска воды
water injection system
(на входе в двигатель) система впрыска топлива
fuel injection system
система всенаправленного дальномера
omnibearing distance system
система встроенного контроля
build-in test system
система выработки топлива
fuel usage system
(из баков) система гашения завихрения
blowaway jet system
система герметизации
1. pressurization system
2. containment system (фюзеляжа) система глушения
jamming system
(радиосигналов) система глушения реактивной струи
suppressor exhaust system
система дальнего обнаружения
early warning system
система дальней радионавигации
long-range air navigation system
система двойного зажигания
dual ignition system
(топлива в двигателе) система дистанционного управления
remote control system
система дневной маркировки
day marking system
(объектов в районе аэродрома) система доплеровского измерителя
Doppler computer system
(путевой скорости и угла сноса) система досмотра багажа
baggage-clearance system
система дренажа топливных коллекторов
fuel manifold drain system
система единиц
system of units
(измерения) система жизнеобеспечения
1. life support system
(воздушного судна) 2. environment control system (воздушного судна) система жизнеобеспечения экипажа
crew life support
система забора воздуха
air induction system
система зажигания
ignition system
система записи переговоров
voice recorder system
(экипажа) система заправки топливом под давлением
pressure fueling system
система запуска
starting system
система запуска двигателей
1. engine start system
2. engine starting system система захвата груза
load grip system
система захода на посадку
approach system
система зональной навигации
area navigation system
система зональных прогнозов
area forecast system
(погоды) система избирательного вызова
selective calling system
(на связь) система измерения посадочных параметров воздушного судна
aircraft landing measurement system
система измерения расхода топлива
fuel flowmeter system
система имитации полета
flight simulation system
система имитации усилий
load feel system
(на органах управления) система индивидуальной вентиляции
individual ventilation system
система индикации
indicating system
система индикации виброперегрузок двигателя
engine vibration indicating system
система индикации глиссады
slope indicator system
система индикации положения шасси
landing gear indication system
система инспектирования полетов
flight inspection system
система информации об опасности
hazard information system
система информации о состоянии безопасности полетов
aviation safety reporting system
система искусственной загрузки органов управления
artificial feel system
система калибровки
calibration system
(напр. сигналов) система кислородного обеспечения пассажиров
passenger oxygen system
система классификации ВПП
runway classification system
система кольцевания топливных баков
fuel cross-feed system
система командных пилотажных приборов
flight director system
система коммутации
switching system
система кондиционирования воздуха
air conditioning system
(в кабине воздушного судна) система кондиционирования и наддува
conditioning-pressurization system
(гермокабины) система контроля взлета
takeoff monitoring system
система контроля за летной годностью
airworthiness control system
система контроля за работой визуальных средств
system of monitoring visual aids
(на аэродроме) система контроля количества и расхода топлива
fuel indicating system
система координат
reference system
система крыльевых интерцептор
wing spoiler system
система линий слива
return line system
(рабочей жидкости в бак) система маркировки аэродрома
aerodrome marking system
система маяков дискретного адресования
discrete address beacon system
система наведения
guidance system
система наведения по лучу
1. beam-rider system
2. guide beam system система наведения по приборам
instrument guidance system
система наведения по сканирующему лучу
scanning beam guidance system
система наведения по углу
angle guidance system
система навигации по наземным ориентирам
ground-referenced navigation system
система наддува
air pressurization system
(кабины) система наддува бака
tank pressurizating system
система наземных линий связи
landline system
система направленных антенн
antenna array
система направленных микрофонов
microphone array
система наружное освещения
exterior lighting system
(посадочные фары, габаритные огни) система обеспечения полетов
flight operations system
система обмена данными
data interchange system
система обнаружения дыма
smoke detection system
(в кабине воздушного судна) система обнаружения и сигнализации пожара
fire detection system
система обнаружения неисправностей
malfunction detection system
система обогащения топливной смеси
fuel enrichment system
система обогрева
1. heat system
2. heating system система обогрева воздушного судна
aircraft heating system
система обогрева кабины
cabin heating system
система обработки багажа
baggage-handling system
система обработки данных
1. data processing system
2. data handling system система обратной связи управления разворотом колес передней опоры шасси
nosewheel steering follow-up system
система общей аварийной сигнализации
general alarm system
система объявления тревоги на аэродроме
aerodrome alert system
система огней высокой интенсивности
high-intensity lighting system
(на аэродроме) система огней подхода
approach lighting system
(к ВПП) система огней подхода к ВПП
runway lead-in lighting system
система огней точного захода на посадку
precision approach lighting system
система ограничения максимальных оборотов
maximum speed limiting system
система ограничения отклонения руля направления
rudder limiting system
система ограничения углов атаки
stall barrier system
система ограничения шага
pitch limit system
(воздушного винта) система одноступенчатого досмотра
one-step inspection system
(пассажиров путем совмещения паспортного и таможенного контроля) система оповещения о воздушном движении
traffic alert system
система оповещения пассажиров
1. public address system
2. passenger address system система опознавания воздушного судна
aircraft identification system
система организованных маршрутов
organized track system
система ориентации
attitude control system
(в полете) система освещения препятствий
obstacle lighting
система осушения
1. dehydrating system
(межстекольного пространства) 2. window demisting system (межстекольного пространства) система отбора воздуха
air bleed system
(от компрессора) система откачки масла
oil scavenge system
система охлаждения
cooling system
система охлаждения газов
gas-cooled system
система оценки раздражающего воздействия шума
noise annoyance rating system
система передачи данных
1. data communication system
2. data link system система передачи обязательной информации
mandatory reporting system
(на борт воздушного судна) система пилот - диспетчер
pilot-controller system
система питания
feed system
(напр. топливом) система подачи
priming system
(топлива в двигатель) система подачи топлива
1. fuel feed system
2. fuel supply system система подачи топлива под давлением
pressure fuel system
система подачи топлива самотеком
fuel gravity system
система подогрева топлива
fuel preheat system
(на входе в двигатель) система подсветки
illuminating system
(приборов в кабине экипажа) система пожарной сигнализации
fire warning system
система пожаротушения
fire extinguisher system
система пожаротушения с двумя очередями срабатывания
two-shot fire extinguishing system
система поиска и спасания
search and rescue system
система поперечного управления
lateral control system
(воздушным судном) система посадки
landing system
система посадки по лучу маяка
beam approach beacon system
система посадки по приборам
instrument landing system
система посадочных огней
approach lighting
система предварительной обработки данных
preprocessed data system
система предотвращения сваливания
stall prevention system
(на крыло) система предотвращения столкновений
collision prevention system
система предписанных маршрутов
predetermined track structure
система предупредительной сигнализации
1. warning system
2. caution system система предупредительной сигнализации воздушного судна
aircraft warning system
система предупреждения конфликтных ситуаций в полете
conflict alert system
система предупреждения опасного сближения с землей
ground proximity warning system
система предупреждения о сдвиге ветра
windshear warning system
система предупреждения о сдвиге ветра на малых высотах
low level wind-shear alert system
система предупреждения столкновений
collision avoidance system
система предупреждения столкновения с проводами ЛЭП
wire collision avoidance system
система привода закрылков
flaps drive system
система привода предкрылков
leading edge flap system
система привода с постоянной скоростью
constant speed drive system
система приемника воздушного давления
pitot-static system
система приемоответчика прямого адресования
direct-address transponder system
система проводной связи
wire system
система продольного управления
longitudinal control system
(воздушным судном) система противоюзовой автоматики
antiskid system
система радиолокационного обзора местности
mapping radar system
система радиолокационного обнаружения
radar warning net
система радиомаяков
radio-beacon system
система радиосвязи
wireless system
система разжижения масла
oil dilution system
система размещения топливных баков
fuel storage system
система распространения информации в определенные интервалы времени
fixed-time dissemination system
система распыления
spraying system
(удобрений) система распыления с воздуха
aerial spraying system
(например, удобрений) система рассеивания тумана
fog dispersal system
(в районе ВПП) система реверсирования тяги
thrust reverser system
система регистрации
recording system
система регистрации данных
data-record system
система регулирования давления
pressure control system
система регулирования оборотов несущего винта
rotor governing system
система регулирования температуры воздуха в кабине
cabin temperature control system
система регулировки яркости
dimmer system
(напр. экрана локатора) система речевой связи
voice communication system
система розыска багажа
baggage-tracing system
система самоконтроля
self-test system
система сбора воздушных параметров
flight environment data system
(условий полета) система сбора воздушных сигналов
air data computer system
система сборов по фактической массе
weight system
(багажа или груза) система световых горизонтов огней подхода
crossbar approach lighting system
(к ВПП) система светосигнального оборудования летного поля
airfield lighting system
система связи аэропорта
airport communication system
система связи воздух-воздух
air-air net
система сети радиотелефонной связи
radiotelephony network system
(воздушных судов) система сигнализации опасного скольжения
slip warning system
система сигнализации опасной высоты
altitude alert system
система сигнализации опасности захвата
hijack alarm system
(воздушного судна) система сигнализации о приближении к сваливанию
stall warning system
(на крыло) система сигнализации отказа приборов
instrument failure warning system
система сигнализации отклонения от курса
deviation warning system
система сигнализации перегрузок
acceleration warning system
система сигнализации предельных углов атаки
angle-of-attack warning system
система сигнализации рассогласования закрылков
flaps asymmetry warning system
система сигнализации сближения
proximity warning system
(воздушных судов) система синхронизации закрылков
flaps interconnection system
система слежения
tracking system
(за полетом) система слепой посадки
blind landing system
система слива топлива
defueling system
система смазки
lubrication system
система снижения подачи топлива
fuel dip system
система создания дополнительной вертикальной тяги
augmented system
система сортировки багажа
baggage-dispensing system
система стабилизации платформы
platform stabilization system
система статических разрядников
static discharging system
система стопорения поверхностей управления
flight control gust-lock system
(при стоянке воздушного судна) система с тройным резервированием
triplex system
система стыковки
docking system
(воздушного судна с трапом) система суфлирования
breather system
(двигателя) система суфлирования двигателя
engine breather system
система телетайпной связи
teletype broadcast system
система телефонной связи
phone system
система типа Лоран
Loran chain
система тросового управления
cable control system
система трубопроводов
1. ducting
2. plumbing система увлажнения воздуха
air humidifying system
система уплотнений
sealing system
(напр. люков) система управления
control system
система управления вертолетом
helicopter control system
система управления воздушным движением
air traffic control system
система управления воздушным судном
aircraft control system
система управления воздушным судном при установке на стоянку
approach guidance nose-in to stand system
система управления двигателем
engine control system
система управления закрылками
1. wind flaps control system
2. wing flap control system система управления общим шагом
collective pitch control system
(несущего винта) система управления отклонением реактивной струи
jet deviation control system
система управления подачей топлива
fuel management system
система управления подходом к аэродрому
aerodrome approach control system
система управления подъемной силой
direct lift control system
система управления полетом
1. flight control system
2. flight management system система управления посадкой
landing guidance system
система управления реактивным соплом
nozzle control system
система управления рулем направления
rudder control system
система управления рулением
1. steering system
2. taxiing guidance system система управления скоростью
speed control system
(полета) система управления с обратной связью
feedback control system
система управления тангажом
pitch control system
система управления триммером
tab control system
система управления триммером руля направления
rudder trim tab control system
система управления триммером элерона
aileron trim tab control system
система управления циклическим шагом
cyclic pitch control system
(несущего винта) система управления элеронами
aileron control system
система ускоренного таможенного досмотра пассажиров
customs accelerated passenger inspection system
система флюгирования воздушного винта
propeller feathering system
система электроснабжения
electrical generating system
система энергопитания оборудования
accessory power system
следящая система
follow-up system
следящая тросовая система
follow-up cable system
сливной бак бытовой системы
waste tank
спутниковая система слежения
satellite-aided tracking system
(за воздушным движением) с системой автоматической смазки, автоматически смазывающийся
self-lubrication
стандартная система захода на посадку
standard approach system
стандартная система управления заходом на посадку по лучу
standard beam approach system
створка системы охлаждения
cooling flap
табло сигнализации отказа системы сравнения
comparison warning light
тарировать систему
calibrate the system
топливная система
fuel system
топливная система высокого давления
high-pressure fuel system
топливная система двигателя
engine fuel system
тормозная система
braking system
угломерно-дальномерная радионавигационная система
rho-theta navigation system
упрощенная система визуальной индикации
abbreviated visual indicator system
(глиссады) упрощенная система огней подхода
simple approach lighting system
(к ВПП) упрощенная система проверки пассажиров
passenger bypass inspection system
(перед вылетом) усилие в системе управления
control force
усилие на систему управления
control system load
усилитель системы управления
control booster
устанавливать наличие воздушной пробки в системе
determine air in a system
флажковая система предупреждения об отказе
warning flag movement system
форсажная система
thrust augmentor system
(двигателя) футо-фунтовая система
foot-pound system
цветовая система таможенного контроля
color coded system
циркуляционная система смазки
circulating oil system
(двигателя) цифровая система наведения в полете
digital flight guidance system
штуцер дренажной системы
vent outlet
штуцер консервации системы
system preservation filler
штуцер топливной системы
fuel connection
шум от системы кондиционирования
environment control system noise
шум от системы увеличения подъемной силы
augmented lift system noise
электронная система управления двигателем
electronic engine control system
электронная система управления полетом
flight management computer system

Русско-английский авиационный словарь > система
12 group

группа; группировка; производить группировку, группировать; групповой; см. тж. party, team

army group, Royal Artillery — Бр. армейская группа ПА

army group, Royal Engineers — Бр. армейская инженерная группа

C3 Countermeasures Working group — рабочая группа по вопросам РЭП систем оперативного управления и связи

combat equipment group, Europe — группа обеспечения войск оружием и военной техникой в Европейской зоне (для сил двойного базирования)

European Interdepartment group, NSC — Европейская межведомственная группа СНБ

intelligence data (technical) processing group — группа (технической) обработки разведывательных данных

local (labor) hire group — группа местной наемной рабочей силы

Standing group, Military Committee — постоянная группа военного комитета НАТО

tactical air (control) group — мор. группа наведения авиации

— ACE Mobile Force battalion group

— ad hoc group

— address indicating group

— administrative group

— administrative support group

— advanced planning group

— Advisory group for Aeronautical R&D

— advisory group

— aeromedical transport group

— aiming group

— air base group

— air carrier group

— Air Defence group

— air defense artillery group

— air defense group

— air evacuation group

— air group

— air intelligence group

— air rescue group

— air search attack group

— air service group

— air striking group

— air support group

— air surveillance group

— air transport and offensive support group

— air transport group

— air weather group

— airborne combat group

— airborne group

— aircraft carrier ASW strike group

— aircraft carrier group

— aircraft carrier strike group

— aircraft control and warning group

— aircraft delivery group

— aircraft ferry group

— airfield construction group

— Air-Land Forces Application group

— all-weather fighter group

— ammunition supply group

— amphibious combat engineer group

— amphibious control group

— amphibious group

— amphibious ready group

— amphibious support group

— antilanding mine deactivating group

— antisubmarine carrier group

— area coordination group

— area support group

— Armed Forces Tax group

— armor group

— armour battle group

— armoured brigade group

— armoured replacement group

— army artillery group

— Army aviation group

— Army aviation transportation group

— army group

— Army Planning group

— Army Replacement group

— artillery battalion group

— artillery group

— artillery nuclear ammunition support group

— assault combat group

— assault group

— assault helicopter group

— assignment group

— ASW group

— ASW Operations Research group

— attack group

— augmentation readiness group

— aviation group

— aviation HQ group

— barrel group

— basic training group

— battalion battle group

— battalion group

— battery control group

— battle group

— battlefield group

— beach group

— billeting group

— boat group

— bolt group

— bomber group

— brigade commander's group

— brigade group

— burst-transmission group

— Canadian Air group

— career group

— carrier air group

— carrier battle group

— carrier replacement air group

— Central Army group

— check group

— chemical group

— civic action group

— civil affairs administration group

— civilian labor group

— clearing group

— close covering group

— close-support group

— coastal aviation air group

— code group

— Combat Analysis group

— combat arms group

— combat aviation group

— combat evaluation group

— combat EW and intelligence group

— combat group

— combat operations research group

— combat service support group

— combat support group

— combined arms group

— command group

— commander's group

— commando group

— concurrent group of fires

— connecting group

— consecutive group of fires

— consolidation group

— construction group

— contingency surface warfare group

— control and interface group

— control group

— control reserve group

— corps air defense group

— corps combat EW and intelligence group

— corps engineer group

— corps group

— corps MP group

— countermine warfare group

— crossing and landing group

— crossing area control group

— cruiser-destroyer group

— cryptologic support group

— custodial FA group

— date-time group

— Defense Communications Planning group

— defense liaison group

— Defense Science group

— demonstration group

— departure/arrival airfield control group

— direct support group

— divisional troops group

— effective date-time group

— embarkation group

— emergency recovery group

— emergency support group

— engineer amphibious group

— engineer aviation group

— engineer combat group

— engineer construction group

— engineer group

— engineer port construction and repair group

— entrucking group

— escort and support group

— Euro NATO Training group

— European Armaments Independent Cooperation group

— executive group

— executive working group

— explosive ordnance disposal coordinating group

— explosives group

— FA group

— FA heavy missile group

— FA missile group

— field chemical group

— field group

— fighter air group

— fighter interception group

— fighter-attack group

— fire control group

— fire marking group

— fire-support group

— firing-pin group

— force service support group

— forward group

— general staff group

— general support group

— group of armies

— group of fires

— group of rounds

— group on Materiel Standardization

— guided missile group

— gun group

— heavy artillery group

— helicopter combat group

— helicopter transport group

— high-level group

— highway transportation group

— HQ group

— independent brigade group

— Independent European Program group

— independent Royal Marines commando company group

— individual group of fires

— infantry battalion group

— infantry battle group

— infantry brigade group

— infiltration group

— information exchange group

— information liaison group

— instructor group

— intelligence and security group

— interagency group

— interdepartment group

— interstaff group

— Joint Advisory Study group

— Joint American Military Advisory group

— Joint Amphibious Operations Study group

— Joint Armed Forces Petroleum group

— Joint Army-Navy-Air Force Air Weapons Working group

— Joint Atomic Information Exchange group

— Joint Command Technical group

— Joint Field Press Censorship group

— Joint Intelligence group

— Joint Military Terminology group

— Joint Services Working group

— joint signal support group

— Joint Strategic Planning and Operations group

— joint tasking group

— landing group

— launcher group

— launching control group

— loading control group

— logistics support group

— maintenance interservice support group

— Marine air control group

— Marine air wing HQ group

— Marine aircraft group

— Marine aircraft wing service group

— Marine Training group

— maritime air group

— marshaling area control group

— materiel requirements group

— mechanized battle group

— mechanized brigade group

— medical group

— medium bomber group

— military advisory group

— military assistance advisory group

— military government group

— military group

— military intelligence group

— military standing group

— military study group

— military technical assistance group

— mine warfare group

— mine warfare readiness inspection group

— missile group

— missile warning group

— mobile communications group

— mobile support group

— motor transport group

— MP customs group

— MP Tripartite Standing Working group

— multipurpose aircraft carrier group

— munitions group

— NATO Air Force Advisory group

— NATO Air Force Armaments group

— NATO Army Advisory group

— NATO Army Armaments group

— NATO Executive Working group

— NATO Industrial Advisory group

— NATO Maritime EW support group

— NATO Naval Advisory group

— NATO Naval Armaments group

— NATO SHAPE Support group

— naval assault group

— naval attack group

— naval battle group

— naval beach group

— Northern Army group

— nuclear accidents response group

— nuclear and chemical security group

— Nuclear Defense Affairs Planning group

— nuclear group

— Nuclear Planning group

— nuclear weapons effects development group

— nuclear weapons systems safety group

— operations group

— ordnance ammunition group

— ordnance group

— parabattle group

— parachute battalion group

— parachute brigade group

— Periodic Armaments Planning Study group

— Permanent Deputies group

— Population Warning Working group

— postal group

— Psychological Warfare Working group

— radiation group

— readiness initiatives group

— reconnaissance air group

— reconnaissance and underwater demolition group

— reconnaissance group

— reconnaissance technical group

— reconnaissance training group

— recruit classification group

— refueling air group

— Regional Planning group

— reinforced brigade group

— relief group

— replacement air group

— reserve group

— rifle group

— river assault group

— Royal Marine Commando group

— Royal Marine Training group

— scoring group

— screening group

— sentry group

— separate field group

— service group

— SHAPE support group

— shot group

— signal group

— signal support group

— single-carrier group

— special branch protection group

— special communications group

— Special Consultative group

— special expert group

— Special Forces airborne group

— special forces group

— special patrol group

— splinter group

— staff group

— standing advisory group

— start group

— steering group

— strategic air group

— strategic airlift group

— strategic intelligence group

— strategic missile group

— strength group

— support ship group

— surface action group

— surface attack group

— systems review group

— tactical air group

— tactical airlift group

— tactical aviation control group

— tactical bomber group

— tactical control group

— tactical deception group

— tactical group

— tactical intelligence group

— tactical logistical group

— tactical missile group

— Tank Forces Management group

— tank regiment reserve tank group

— target acquisition group

— target group

— task group

— tight-shot group

— tractor group

— training and replacement group

— training group

— transport air group

— transport group

— transportation group

— transportation motor group

— transportation movement control group

— transportation railway group

— transportation terminal group

— transportation truck group

— tripartite working group

— Tri-Service group on Air Defense

— Tri-Service group on Communications and Electronics Equipment

— tri-service group

— troop-carrier group

— two-carrier group

— UN Military Observer group

— underground resistance group

— underway replenishment group

— US Army Advisory group

— US Army nuclear weapons coordination group

— variable strength group

— Verification Panel Working group

— watch group

— weapon control group

— Weapon Systems Evaluation group

— working group

* * *

• 1) группа; 2) дивизия

• 1) группироваться; 2) группировать

English-Russian military dictionary > group
13 system

system n
система
abbreviated visual indicator system
упрощенная система визуальной индикации
(глиссады) acceleration warning system
система сигнализации перегрузок
accessory power system
система энергопитания оборудования
acoustical measurement system
акустическая измерительная система
actuating system
исполнительная система
(механическая) aerial spraying system
система распыления с воздуха
(например, удобрений) aerodrome alert system
система объявления тревоги на аэродроме
aerodrome approach control system
система управления подходом к аэродрому
aerodrome drainage system
дренажная система аэродрома
aerodrome marking system
система маркировки аэродрома
aerodynamic roll system
аэродинамическая система управления креном
aileron control system
система управления элеронами
aileron trim system
система балансировки элеронов
aileron trim tab control system
система управления триммером элерона
air bleed system
система отбора воздуха
(от компрессора) air borne system
бортовая система
air brake system
система воздушных тормозов
air conditioning system
система кондиционирования воздуха
(в кабине воздушного судна) air cooling system
система воздушного охлаждения
aircraft control system
система управления воздушным судном
aircraft electric system
электросистема воздушного судна
aircraft heating system
система обогрева воздушного судна
aircraft identification system
система опознавания воздушного судна
aircraft integrated data system
бортовая комплексная система регистрации данных
aircraft landing measurement system
система измерения посадочных параметров воздушного судна
aircraft pneumatic system
пневматическая система воздушного судна
aircraft system
бортовая система
aircraft warning system
система предупредительной сигнализации воздушного судна
air data computer system
система сбора воздушных сигналов
airfield lighting system
система светосигнального оборудования летного поля
air humidifying system
система увлажнения воздуха
air induction system
система забора воздуха
air-interpreted system
бортовая система обработки данных
airport communication system
система связи аэропорта
air pressurization system
система наддува
(кабины) air starting system
воздушная система запуска двигателей
air surveillance system
система воздушного наблюдения
air traffic audio simulation system
аудиовизуальная система имитации воздушного движения
(для тренажеров) air traffic control system
система управления воздушным движением
airway system
сеть авиалиний
airworthiness control system
система контроля за летной годностью
alerting system
система аварийного оповещения
altitude alert system
система сигнализации опасной высоты
angle guidance system
система наведения по углу
angle-of-attack, slip and acceleration warning system
система автоматической сигнализации углов атаки, скольжения и перегрузок
angle-of-attack warning system
система сигнализации предельных углов атаки
anticollision lights system
система бортовых огней для предупреждения столкновения
anti-icing system
противообледенительная система
(постоянного действия) antiskid system
система противоюзовой автоматики
antisurge system
противопомпажная система
(двигателя) approach guidance nose-in to stand system
система управления воздушным судном при установке на стоянку
approach lighting system
система огней подхода
(к ВПП) approach radar system
радиолокационная система захода на посадку
approach system
система захода на посадку
area forecast system
система зональных прогнозов
(погоды) area navigation system
система зональной навигации
artificial feel system
система искусственной загрузки органов управления
associated aircraft system
вспомогательная бортовая система воздушного судна
astronavigation system
астронавигационная система
attitude control system
система ориентации
(в полете) audio system
переговорное устройство
augmented lift system noise
шум от системы увеличения подъемной силы
augmented system
система создания дополнительной вертикальной тяги
autoalarm system
автоматическая система объявления тревоги
autoland system
система автоматической посадки
automated data interchange system
система автоматизированного обмена данными
automated navigation system
автоматизированная навигационная система
automated radar terminal system
автоматическая аэродромная радиолокационная система
automatic approach system
система автоматического захода на посадку
automatic feathering system
система автофлюгера
automatic flight control system
автоматическая бортовая система управления
automatic landing system
система автоматической посадки
automatic monitor system
система автоматического контроля
automatic stabilization system
система автоматической стабилизации
(воздушного судна) automatic test system
система автоматического контроля
autopilot system
автопилот
autothrottle system
автомат тяги
(двигателя) autotrim system
автотриммер
auxiliary hydraulic system
вспомогательная гидросистема
aviation safety reporting system
система информации о состоянии безопасности полетов
avionic system
радиоэлектронная система
baggage-clearance system
система досмотра багажа
baggage-dispensing system
система сортировки багажа
baggage-handling system
система обработки багажа
baggage-tracing system
система розыска багажа
bank counteract system
система автоматического парирования крена
(при отказе одного из двигателей) beam approach beacon system
система посадки по лучу маяка
beam-rider system
система наведения по лучу
blind landing system
система слепой посадки
blowaway jet system
система гашения завихрения
braking system
тормозная система
breather system
система суфлирования
(двигателя) build-in test system
система встроенного контроля
cabin heating system
система обогрева кабины
cabin temperature control system
система регулирования температуры воздуха в кабине
cable control system
система тросового управления
calibrate the system
тарировать систему
calibration system
система калибровки
(напр. сигналов) caution system
система предупредительной сигнализации
circulating oil system
циркуляционная система смазки
(двигателя) closed cooling system
замкнутая система охлаждения
code letter system
система буквенного кодирования
collective pitch control system
система управления общим шагом
(несущего винта) collision avoidance system
система предупреждения столкновений
collision prevention system
система предотвращения столкновений
color coded system
цветовая система таможенного контроля
Commission for basic Systems
Комиссия по основным системам
compass system
курсовая система
compass system coupling unit
блок связи с курсовой системой
conditioning-pressurization system
система кондиционирования и наддува
(гермокабины) conflict alert system
система предупреждения конфликтных ситуаций в полете
constant speed drive system
система привода с постоянной скоростью
containment system
система герметизации
(фюзеляжа) control system
система управления
control system load
усилие на систему управления
cooling system
система охлаждения
crew oxygen system
кислородная система кабины экипажа
crossbar approach lighting system
система световых горизонтов огней подхода
(к ВПП) customs accelerated passenger inspection system
система ускоренного таможенного досмотра пассажиров
cyclic pitch control system
система управления циклическим шагом
(несущего винта) data communication system
система передачи данных
data handling system
система обработки данных
data interchange system
система обмена данными
data link system
система передачи данных
data processing system
система обработки данных
data-record system
система регистрации данных
data switching system
коммутационная система передачи данных
data system
информационная система
day marking system
система дневной маркировки
(объектов в районе аэродрома) defueling system
система слива топлива
dehydrating system
система осушения
(межстекольного пространства) deicing system
противообледенительная система
(переменного действия) determine air in a system
устанавливать наличие воздушной пробки в системе
deviation warning system
система сигнализации отклонения от курса
digital flight guidance system
цифровая система наведения в полете
dimmer system
система регулировки яркости
(напр. экрана локатора) direct-address transponder system
система приемоответчика прямого адресования
direct lift control system
система управления подъемной силой
discrete address beacon system
система маяков дискретного адресования
discrete communication system
дискретная система связи
distance measuring system
дальномерная система
docking system
система стыковки
(воздушного судна с трапом) Doppler computer system
система доплеровского измерителя
(путевой скорости и угла сноса) drainage system
дренажная система
drain system
дренажная система
dual autoland system
дублированная система автоматического управления посадкой
dual-channel system
двухпоточная система
(оформления пассажиров) dual ignition system
система двойного зажигания
(топлива в двигателе) early warning system
система дальнего обнаружения
electrical generating system
система электроснабжения
electronic engine control system
электронная система управления двигателем
electronic landing aids system
радиоэлектронная система посадочных средств
emergency brake system
система аварийного торможения
emergency hydraulic system
аварийная гидравлическая система
emergency lighting system
система аварийного освещения
emergency power system
система аварийного энергопитания
emergency shutdown system
система аварийного останова
(двигателя) emergency system
аварийная система
(для применения в случае отказа основной) emergency uplock release system
система аварийного открытия замков убранного положения
(шасси) emergency warning system
система аварийной сигнализации
empennage anti-icing system
противообледенительная система хвостового оперения
(постоянного действия) engine anti-icing system
противообледенительная система двигателей
(постоянного действия) engine breather system
система суфлирования двигателя
engine control system
система управления двигателем
engine deicing system
противообледенительная система двигателей
(переменного действия) engine fuel system
топливная система двигателя
engine starting system
система запуска двигателей
engine start system
система запуска двигателей
engine throttle interlock system
система блокировки управления двигателем
engine vent system
дренажная система двигателей
engine vibration indicating system
система индикации виброперегрузок двигателя
environmental control system equipment
оборудование системы контроля окружающей среды
environment control system
система жизнеобеспечения
(воздушного судна) environment control system noise
шум от системы кондиционирования
exhaust system
выхлопная система
(двигателя) exhaust system manifold
коллектор выхлопной системы
exhaust system muffler
глушитель выхлопной системы
exterior lighting system
система наружное освещения
(посадочные фары, габаритные огни) external electrical power system
система аэродромного электропитания
external load sling system
внешняя подвеска груза
(на вертолете) fail-operative system
дублированная система
(сохраняющая работоспособность при единичном отказе) feedback control system
система управления с обратной связью
feed system
система питания
(напр. топливом) feel system
система автомата усилий
fin hydraulic system
гидросистема хвостового оперения
fire detection system
система обнаружения и сигнализации пожара
fire extinguisher system
система пожаротушения
fire-protection system
противопожарная система
fire warning system
система пожарной сигнализации
fixed-time dissemination system
система распространения информации в определенные интервалы времени
flaps asymmetry warning system
система сигнализации рассогласования закрылков
flaps drive system
система привода закрылков
flaps interconnection system
система синхронизации закрылков
flight control boost system
бустерная система управления полетом
flight control gust-lock system
система стопорения поверхностей управления
(при стоянке воздушного судна) flight control system
система управления полетом
flight crew oxygen system
кислородная система кабины экипажа
flight director system
система командных пилотажных приборов
flight director system control panel
пульт управления системой директорного управления
flight environment data system
система сбора воздушных параметров
(условий полета) flight inspection system
система инспектирования полетов
flight management computer system
электронная система управления полетом
flight management system
система управления полетом
flight operations system
система обеспечения полетов
flight recorder system
система бортовых регистраторов
flight simulation system
система имитации полета
fog dispersal system
система рассеивания тумана
(в районе ВПП) follow-up cable system
следящая тросовая система
follow-up system
следящая система
foot-pound system
футо-фунтовая система
fuel cross-feed system
система кольцевания топливных баков
fuel dip system
система снижения подачи топлива
fuel dump system
система аварийного слива топлива
fuel enrichment system
система обогащения топливной смеси
fuel feed system
система подачи топлива
fuel flowmeter system
система измерения расхода топлива
fuel gravity system
система подачи топлива самотеком
fuel indicating system
система контроля количества и расхода топлива
fuel injection system
система впрыска топлива
fuel jettisoning system
система аварийного слива топлива
(fuel jettisonning system) fuel management system
система управления подачей топлива
fuel manifold drain system
система дренажа топливных коллекторов
fuel preheat system
система подогрева топлива
(на входе в двигатель) fuel storage system
система размещения топливных баков
fuel supply system
система подачи топлива
fuel system
топливная система
fuel usage system
система выработки топлива
(из баков) gas-cooled system
система охлаждения газов
general alarm system
система общей аварийной сигнализации
generation system
энергоузел
generator autoparalleling system
система автоматического управления параллельной работой генераторов
glide-path landing system
глиссадная система посадки
gravity lubricating system
гравитационная система смазки
(двигателя) ground control system
наземная система управления
(полетом) ground guidance system
наземная система наведения
ground proximity warning system
система предупреждения опасного сближения с землей
ground-referenced navigation system
система навигации по наземным ориентирам
ground shift system
система блокировки при обжатии опор шасси
guidance system
система наведения
guide beam system
система наведения по лучу
gyro-magnetic compass system
гиромагнитная курсовая система
gyro system
гироскопическая система
hazard information system
система информации об опасности
heating system
система обогрева
heat system
система обогрева
helicopter control system
система управления вертолетом
high-intensity lighting system
система огней высокой интенсивности
(на аэродроме) high-pressure fuel system
топливная система высокого давления
hijack alarm system
система сигнализации опасности захвата
(воздушного судна) hydraulic control boost system
гидравлическая бустерная система управления
hydraulic starting system
гидравлическая пусковая система
(двигателя) hydraulic system
гидросистема
ice protection system
противообледенительная система
ignition system
система зажигания
illuminating system
система подсветки
(приборов в кабине экипажа) independent starting system
система автономного запуска
(двигателя) indicating system
система индикации
individual ventilation system
система индивидуальной вентиляции
inertial control system
инерциальная система управления
inertial navigation system
инерциальная навигационная система
inertial sensor system
инерциальная сенсорная система
instrument failure warning system
система сигнализации отказа приборов
instrument guidance system
система наведения по приборам
instrument landing system
система посадки по приборам
integrated automatic system
комплексная автоматическая система
integrated control system
встроенная система контроля
integrated system of airspace control
комплексная система контроля воздушного пространства
integrated world-wide system
всемирная комплексная система
(управления полетами) intercommunication system
переговорное устройство
intercooler system
система внутреннего охлаждения
interlocking system
система блокировки
interlock system
система блокировки
international meteorological system
международная метеорологическая система
interphone system
система внутренней связи
jamming system
система глушения
(радиосигналов) jet deviation control system
система управления отклонением реактивной струи
landing gear indication system
система индикации положения шасси
landing guidance system
система управления посадкой
landing system
система посадки
landline system
система наземных линий связи
lateral control system
система поперечного управления
(воздушным судном) leading edge flap system
система привода предкрылков
lead-in lighting system
система ведущих огней
(при заруливании на стоянку) life support system
система жизнеобеспечения
(воздушного судна) load feel system
система имитации усилий
(на органах управления) load grip system
система захвата груза
localizer antenna system
система антенны курсового посадочного радиомаяка
longitudinal control system
система продольного управления
(воздушным судном) long-range air navigation system
система дальней радионавигации
loop circuit system
кольцевая электрическая система
low level wind-shear alert system
система предупреждения о сдвиге ветра на малых высотах
lubrication system
система смазки
Mach-feel system
автомат имитации усилий по числу М
Mach trim system
система балансировки по числу М
malfunction detection system
система обнаружения неисправностей
mandatory reporting system
система передачи обязательной информации
(на борт воздушного судна) mapping radar system
система радиолокационного обзора местности
maximum speed limiting system
система ограничения максимальных оборотов
mechanical cooling system
механическая система охлаждения
mechanized baggage dispensing system
автоматизированная система выдачи багажа
mileage system
мильная система
(построения тарифов) multichannel circuit system
многоканальная электрическая система
nacelle cooling system
система вентиляции подкапотного пространства
(двигателя) national airspace system
государственная система организации воздушного пространства
navigation system
навигационная система
navigation system selector
задатчик навигационной системы
noise annoyance rating system
система оценки раздражающего воздействия шума
nosewheel steering follow-up system
система обратной связи управления разворотом колес передней опоры шасси
nozzle control system
система управления реактивным соплом
oil dilution system
система разжижения масла
oiling system
маслосистема
oil scavenge system
система откачки масла
omnibearing distance system
система всенаправленного дальномера
onboard weight and balance system
бортовая система определения массы и центровки
one-step inspection system
система одноступенчатого досмотра
(пассажиров путем совмещения паспортного и таможенного контроля) open cooling system
незамкнутая система охлаждения
organized track system
система организованных маршрутов
passenger address system
система оповещения пассажиров
passenger bypass inspection system
упрощенная система проверки пассажиров
(перед вылетом) passenger oxygen system
система кислородного обеспечения пассажиров
phone system
система телефонной связи
pictorial navigation system
навигационная система с графическим отображением
(информации) pilot-controller system
система пилот - диспетчер
pilot-interpreted navigation system
навигационная система со считыванием показаний пилотом
pitch control system
система управления тангажом
pitch limit system
система ограничения шага
(воздушного винта) pitot-static system
система приемника воздушного давления
platform stabilization system
система стабилизации платформы
power-boost control system
бустерная обратимая система управления
power-operated control system
необратимая система управления
precision approach lighting system
система огней точного захода на посадку
precision approach radar system
радиолокационная система точного захода на посадку
preprocessed data system
система предварительной обработки данных
pressure control system
система регулирования давления
pressure fueling system
система заправки топливом под давлением
pressure fuel system
система подачи топлива под давлением
pressurization system
система герметизации
priming system
система подачи
(топлива в двигатель) propeller feathering system
система флюгирования воздушного винта
propeller pitch control system
л управления шагом воздушного винта
prove the system
испытывать систему
proximity warning system
система сигнализации сближения
(воздушных судов) public address system
система оповещения пассажиров
push-pull control system
жесткая система управления
(при помощи тяг) Q-feel system
автомат загрузки по скоростному напору
radar airborne weather system
бортовая метеорологическая радиолокационная система
radar backup system
резервная радиолокационная система
radar guidance system
радиолокационная система наведения
radar homing system
приводная радиолокационная система
radar navigation system
радиолокационная система навигации
radar scanning beam system
радиолокационная система со сканирующим лучом
radar side looking system
радиолокационная система бокового обзора
radar system
радиолокационная система
radio-beacon landing system
радиомаячная система посадки
radio-beacon system
система радиомаяков
radio navigation system
радионавигационная система
radio system
радиосистема
radiotelephony network system
система сети радиотелефонной связи
(воздушных судов) recording system
система регистрации
reference system
система координат
remote control system
система дистанционного управления
reproducing system
воспроизводящая система
reservations system
система бронирования
(мест) restore the system
восстанавливать работу системы
return line system
система линий слива
(рабочей жидкости в бак) reversible control system
обратимая система управления
rho-theta navigation system
угломерно-дальномерная радионавигационная система
robot-control system
система автоматического управления
(полетом) rotor drive system
трансмиссия привода несущего винта
rotor governing system
система регулирования оборотов несущего винта
rudder control system
система управления рулем направления
rudder limiting system
система ограничения отклонения руля направления
rudder trim tab control system
система управления триммером руля направления
run fluid through the system
прогонять систему
runway classification system
система классификации ВПП
runway lead-in lighting system
система огней подхода к ВПП
runway lighting system
светосигнальная система ВПП
satellite-aided tracking system
спутниковая система слежения
(за воздушным движением) scanning beam guidance system
система наведения по сканирующему лучу
sealing system
система уплотнений
(напр. люков) search and rescue system
система поиска и спасания
selective calling system
система избирательного вызова
(на связь) self-contained navigation system
автономная навигационная система
self-contained oil system
автономная маслосистема
self-contained starting system
автономная система запуска
self-test system
система самоконтроля
shock absorption system
система амортизации
short range radio navigation system
радиосистема ближней навигации
simple approach lighting system
упрощенная система огней подхода
(к ВПП) slip warning system
система сигнализации опасного скольжения
slope indicator system
система индикации глиссады
smoke detection system
система обнаружения дыма
(в кабине воздушного судна) speed brake system
система аэродинамических тормозов
speed control system
система управления скоростью
(полета) spraying system
система распыления
(удобрений) stall barrier system
система ограничения углов атаки
stall prevention system
система предотвращения сваливания
(на крыло) stall warning system
система сигнализации о приближении к сваливанию
(на крыло) standard approach system
стандартная система захода на посадку
standard beam approach system
стандартная система управления заходом на посадку по лучу
standby system
резервная система
starting system
система запуска
static discharging system
система статических разрядников
static system
статика
(система статического давления) steering system
система управления рулением
stick shaker system
система автомата тряски штурвала
(при достижении критического угла атаки) suppressor exhaust system
система глушения реактивной струи
switching system
система коммутации
system leakage device
прибор для проверки систем на герметичность
system of monitoring visual aids
система контроля за работой визуальных средств
(на аэродроме) system of units
система единиц
(измерения) system preservation filler
штуцер консервации системы
systems compartment
отсек размещения систем
systems operator pilot
пилот - оператор
Systems Study section
Секция изучения авиационных систем
(ИКАО) tab control system
система управления триммером
tactical air navigation system
система ближней аэронавигации
takeoff monitoring system
система контроля взлета
tank pressurizating system
система наддува бака
taxiing guidance system
система управления рулением
teletype broadcast system
система телетайпной связи
test the system
испытывать систему
three-axis autostabilization system
система автостабилизации относительно трех осей
thrust augmentor system
форсажная система
(двигателя) thrust reverser interlock system
система блокировки управления по положению реверса
thrust reverser system
система реверсирования тяги
thrust system
силовая установка
tracking system
система слежения
(за полетом) traffic alert system
система оповещения о воздушном движении
transmission rotor drive system
трансмиссия привода несущего винта
trim system
система балансировки
(воздушного судна) triplex system
система с тройным резервированием
turn off the system
выключать систему
turn on the system
включать систему
two-frequency glide path system
двухчастотная глиссадная система
two-frequency localizer system
двухчастотная система курсового маяка
two-shot fire extinguishing system
система пожаротушения с двумя очередями срабатывания
unarm the system
отключать состояние готовности системы
unassisted control system
безбустерная система управления
utility hydraulic system
гидросистема для обслуживания вспомогательных устройств
ventilation system
система вентиляции
(кабины) vent system
дренажная система
visual approach slope indicator system
система визуальной индикации глиссады
visual docking guidance system
система визуального управления стыковкой с телескопическим трапом
voice communication system
система речевой связи
voice recorder system
система записи переговоров
(экипажа) warning flag movement system
флажковая система предупреждения об отказе
warning system
система предупредительной сигнализации
warning system control unit
блок управления аварийной сигнализации
water injection system
система впрыска воды
(на входе в двигатель) water supply system
система водоснабжения
weight system
система сборов по фактической массе
(багажа или груза) wind flaps control system
система управления закрылками
window demisting system
система осушения
(межстекольного пространства) windshear warning system
система предупреждения о сдвиге ветра
windshield anti-icing system
противообледенительная система
wing anti-icing system
противообледенительная система крыла
wing flap control system
система управления закрылками
wing-flap system
механизация крыла
wing spoiler system
система крыльевых интерцептор
wire collision avoidance system
система предупреждения столкновения с проводами ЛЭП
wireless system
система радиосвязи
wire system
система проводной связи
World Geographic Reference system
Всемирная система географических координат

English-Russian aviation dictionary > system
14 design

n ком., марк. композиція; ескіз; зразок; конструкція; оформлення; план; малюнок; модель; проект; проектування; дизайн; a проектний; конструктивний; конструкторський; дизайнерський

вигляд, особливості зразка, властивості будь-якого готового виробу

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abstract design абстрактний малюнок • абстрактне оформлення; advertising design художнє оформлення реклами • рекламний дизайн • дизайн рекламного оголошення; approved design затверджений проект; artistic design художнє оформлення; automated design автоматизоване проектування; basic design базова конструкція; best product design проектування виробу з найкращою характеристикою; channel design схема каналу розподілу; computer-aided design автоматизоване проектування; conceptual design ескізний проект; conventional design типовий проект • типовий зразок; corporate design фірмовий стиль • фірмовий дизайн; cover design оформлення обкладинки; economic(al) design економічний рахунок • економічно доцільна конструкція; economical design економічно доцільна конструкція • економічний розрахунок; engineering design інженерне проектування; environmental design природоохоронне проектування; equipment design конструкція устаткування; experimental design експериментальний проект; external design зовнішнє оформлення; face design рисунок шрифту; floral design квітковий узор; form design форма бланка; formal design формальний зразок; graphic design графічна форма • графічне оформлення; hardware design проектування апаратури • конструкція пристрою; individual design індивідуальний проект; industrial design промисловий зразок • проектування промислового зразка; interior design оформлення інтер'єру; item design проектування виробу; machine design машинний дизайн; modern design сучасний дизайн • сучасний проект; modular design модульна конструкція • блокова конструкція; old-fashioned design старомодний дизайн; optimum design оптимальна конструкція; original design оригінальний проект; ornamental design срафічний промисловий зразок; overall design загальний зразок; package design дизайн пакета • дизайн пачки; packaging design дизайн упаковки • дизайн упакування; page design компонування сторінки • макет сторінки; patentable design патентоспроможний промисловий зразок • патентоспроможний зразок; patented design запатентований зразок; poster design сюжет плаката; preliminary design попередній проект • ескізний проект; printed design друковане зображення; product design проектування виробу • товарний дизайн; questionnaire design структура анкети • схема організації опитування; registered design зареєстрований зразок; revised design перероблений проект; sample design укладання вибірки; sampling design план вибіркового обстеження; set design ескіз декорації; sketch design ескізний проект; standard design типовий проект • типове проектування; stylized design стилізований дизайн • стилізація; survey design план обстеження • схема обстеження; Swiss design швейцарський дизайн; technical design технічний дизайн; test design експериментальна конструкція; trademark design композиція товарного знака; traditional design традиційний проект; trial design дослідне проектування; type design малюнок шрифту • типовий проект; unique design унікальний проект • унікальний дизайн; wallpaper design шпалерний дизайн • малюнок шпалерного типу

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design and development технічне проектування; design centre центр проектування; design cost вартість проектно-конструкторських робіт; design documentation проектна документація; design fault конструктивний дефект • конструктивний недолік; design firm проектно-конструкторська фірма; design flaw конструктивний дефект • конструктивний недолік; design of an exhibition оформлення виставки; design of a sampling inquiry план вибіркового обстеження; design of a statistical inquiry план статистичного обстеження; design protection охорона промислового зразка; design registration реєстрація промислового зразка; design standards проектно-конструкторські стандарти; design to characteristics проектування згідно із заданими характеристиками; design to cost проектування відповідно до заданної вартості; to approve a design затверджувати/затвердити проект; to build from a standard design будувати/збудувати згідно з типовим проектом; to develop a design опрацьовувати/опрацювати проект • опрацьовувати/опрацювати конструкцію; to improve a design поліпшувати/поліпшити конструкцію; to work out a design розробляти/розробити конструкцію

The English-Ukrainian Dictionary > design
15 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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